Effects of Mobile Culture in Relational Maintenance and Behavioral Patterns

Mobile phone is critical in human communication due to its affordability, reliability, and connectivity. As the world steadily becomes a global village, communication experts have embraced mobile phone communication in providing communication solutions and enhancing interaction between socializing agents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Mobile Culture in Relational Maintenance and Behavioral Patterns specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The prime principle is featured by interconnected holistic phenomenon. The conscientious citizenship need to perceive the global interrelationship with inclusive model of integration through phone culture. Therefore, the problem statement is which factors directly affect the mobile culture in relational maintenance and behavioral patterns in human communication environment? This reflective treatise attempts to explicitly applaud on the modes and behavioral patterns observe d across the gender divide and how the same can be related to mobile culture among socializing agents. These agents are drawn from different cultural divides, gender, age, and exposure. In order to comprehensively understand and interpreter the research question, the treatise reviews two previous literature on the topic by examining the article â€Å"IMing, Text Messaging, and Adolescent Social Networks† by Bryant, Sanders-Jackson, and Smallwood and the book, â€Å"Doing Cultural Studies† by Gay et al. Effects of Mobile Culture in Relational Maintenance and Behavioral Patterns The global mobile culture integration and its changing patterns has led to immense transformation of the world into a global village comprising of the current interdependent and networked of â€Å"global order†1. Though the world is marked by differences and identities that show how various endeavors of people, groups and communities affirmed their identities, the manifold layers of mobile culture concerning religion, gender, nationalism, class, ethnicity, and personal interests continues to define this century old means of encoding and decoding information. Literature Review The world is manifested with emergence of mass society in terms of social interaction, that is, mass culture, mass welfare, mass consumerism, mass communication, and numerical sense of unique population increase. Mobile culture is a shared means of interaction involving people who understand the various symbols of communication through use of mobile phones.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to understand the current research on this multi faceted topic, experimental study design is the best method to adopt since it inquires to establish whether an intervention had the proposed reasoned-impact on planned participants or not2. The aim of a culture is to build social work strategy and practical matters, provide rapid support to social problems, sustain social programs to offer relevant resolutions to social crises in communities, hold up growth through promotion of education to tackle crucial life matters, and advance suitable relevance of new technology for performance of social work. Mobile phone communication industry is one of the fastest developing service industries in the entire world. Technological growth has enabled customers multiple access of information and entertainment services, and therefore has enhanced establishment of an intrinsic mobile culture. The article, â€Å"IMing, Text Messaging, and Adolescent Social Networks† by Bryant, Sanders-Jackson, and Smallwood dwell much on determinants of behavioral patterns in human communication. Through embracing maintenance strategy topology, the study identifies the aspects of self disclosure, positivity, and social networking as the assuring factors that promoted effectiveness of mobile cultura l modes used across the generational divide3. However, they fail to quantify the aspects of period of influence. Mobile Culture and Global Behavioral Patterns The global world is built with many diverse flows, that is, organizational interaction flow, capital flow, symbols, image and sound flow, technological flow and information flow. With an increasing global community, such flows are portrayed as extraordinary development in velocity, volume, and direction4. For instance, media flow has become diverse global audience that is a unique way of expressing information. Emergence of mobile phones offered an immediate solution for the need to maintain this velocity, volume, and direction. The global media is a multifaceted topography of multi-media, multi-vocal and multi directional flows.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Mobile Culture in Relational Maintenance and Behavioral Patterns specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The propagation of satellites created by digital technology and the rising online communication have caused media firms to function in an enhanced transnational arena other than national dome; hence seeking and generating new customers globally. Establishment of mobile phones communication was a solution to this. However, the focus rarely matters in relation of media markets because producers perceive audience as primarily global consumers rather than local citizens. This change of nation-centric perception into international markets led to establishment of symbolic interaction among citizens who owned mobile phones. Mobile culture has generated professional occupations in the cultural and information industries5. The outsourcing of information for International Corporations has contributed to the momentum for establishment of significant global focus for creative industries. The operators of global media channels possess strong local presence through focus to get audie nce beyond their original local constituency. As a result, this is a subaltern flow of domestic ideas across the entire world has created an evolving geo-cultural and international networks facilitating the contra-flows of shared, internalized, and unique means of phone communication. Phone culture is important aspect in conserving cultural democracy; therefore the main aim of a nation is to provide broad alternative services to customers through enhanced privatization and liberalization. The international communication interaction has created diverse disjuncture that is beyond homogenized culture; it has also contributed to cultural ‘hybridity’ that is generated through the use of heterogonous media products to benefit domestic principles, languages and styles. For instance, mobile culture has exercised indirect domination over developing nations; politics and public perception of these nations. However, it has destabilized cultural sovereignty in many nations such as Syria, Egypt, and Libya which have become states of anarchy. Before penetration of the mobile culture into the society, regionalization trend was perceptible in the development of domestic editions of magazines and newspapers, broadcast of television programs in domestic languages, and also in establishing local programming and domestic language websites6.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the last 20 years, mobile culture seems to have taken control of formal and informal communication. As a result, interaction with global cultures have provided diverse impacts since people need to filter and evaluate content products from heterogonous cultures to incorporate them with ideas that originate from domestic cultures when communicating7. Mobile Culture Integration and Its Changing Patterns Due to global interrelatedness, mobile phones opened the world and provided important features of globalization. However, global integration happened gradually for many centuries. Human evolving pattern involved various regional systems which promoted interaction. Reflectively, within the last century, mobile communication has replaced the traditional means of encoding and decoding messages. As a result, the whole process has become reliable and convenient. Apparently, mobile phone technology can be classified as the best miracle of the 21st century. By a click of a button, a Chinese student in Miami can communicate with parents back in Beijing. The diversity of media information only exists in the wider fresh liberal ideological agenda. Apparently, ideology of regionalization develops globalised perception which focuses on liberal democracy and market primacy. The mobile culture has emphasized on propagation of multilingual contents stemming from local creative hub. Adoption of deregulated, privatized and digital technology transmission network has contributed to enhanced flow of global media. Human population who lived in the twentieth century caused increase in mass community that was contributed by people’s interaction and movements for economic sustainability. All these implications were closely integrated that led to the rise of mass community. This immense transformation was an essential focus in the current society. Politics, youth culture, media, leisure and welfare are five distinctive features that are manifested in the modern phone culture so ciety8. Actually, mass society weakened traditional societal values; industrial revolution weakened aristocratic and traditional values. Mass phone culture is a society that has social, large scale and impersonal institutions. Identity and Difference Gradually human communities have become varied with great differences in beliefs, artifacts and languages of communication within the phone culture. Human cultures were comprehended based on symbols of various devices that people created. Such cultural icons lack boundaries and are marked with continues influx that compete and interact in each other9. For instance, messaging culture has created a ‘quarty’ culture among the youths across the globe. Special codes such as ‘LOL’ and ‘OMG’ have been internalized in the messaging culture and have universal meaning from America to Europe. In fact, messaging culture has transformed people who lived in remote areas; human interaction transforms people who a re perceived as barbarians and uncivilized10. There are many theories that justify possible pull factors of phone culture. Basically, these theories share sentiment on the fact that messaging culture has developed over a long period of interaction among people who share same thought patterns. Time is therefore an independent variable which fluctuates according to the period of interaction and share values of communicating people11. Messaging culture is actually influenced by dependent and independent variables in human activities. Findings The themes of mobile culture have brought ultimate query to prime of all historical world, particularly to the current globalization of mobile culture. Human interaction and sense of shared values has elevated visions of human society. Technological development particularly digitalization has discouraged governments from limiting imports of foreign media contents into local markets. Due to rising global interaction, the need of internationalizatio n, and easy communication accessibility, many nations are changing their regulatory policies, and therefore promoting their markets for global interaction which is responsible for the established mobile culture. The variety of cultural attributes embodied in messaging makes them a powerful medium through which to transmit cultural values and morals. Arguably, the world is experiencing a strong trend toward cultural globalization, and no one nation is immune from the influences of the cultures of other nations because mobile culture, in many respects, defies national boundaries. However, different cultures must be preserved and allowed to flourish, for it is a diversified global culture that benefits the world’s collective well being. Cultural diversification allows people to observe different views and attitudes, test their own biases, and learn from different experiences. Unrestricted homogenization of cultures should be avoided, and diversification of culture should be cham pioned. Mobile culture that promotes National culture and local cultures should thus be protected by discriminating explicit and immoral communication. Conclusion From the literature review as indicated by the articles, the main factors that are associated with changed behavior due to mobile culture of communication are the aspects of social activeness, age, gender, purpose and relationship between the subjects communicating. Notably, it is apparent that cordial relationships would prefer assurance in use of mobile phones modes than casual acquaintances. Among the younger generation, that is adolescent and teenagers, use of mobile phones is highly influenced by confidence and social activeness. Therefore, in studying mobile culture, it is critical to factor in behavioral patterns noted in the above studies to create practical and reliable communication designs for reaching different gender, age, culture, and exposure. Bibliography Appadurai, Arjun. â€Å"Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.†Ã‚  Public Culture 7, no. 2 (1990): 1-24. Bly, Van der. â€Å"Globalization and the Rise of One Heterogeneous World Culture: A Micro Perspective of a Global Village.† International Journal of Comparative Sociology, no. 48 (2007): 469. Gay, P., Hall, S., Janes, L., Mackay, H., and Negus Keith. Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. London: Sage, 1997 Gerard, Goggin. Introduction: what do you mean‘cell phone culture’? in Cell Phone Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 2006 Jackson, A., Bryant, A., Smallwood, Anthony. â€Å"IMing, Text Messaging, and Adolescent Social Networks,† Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, no. 11(2006): 577–592. Mcchesney, Robert. New Global Media: The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate. Edited by Held Day. Cambridge: Polity, 2004. Sweetman, Paul, and Knowles Caroline. Picturing the Social Landscape: Visual  Methods in t he Sociological Imagination. New York: Routledge, 2004. Footnotes 1 Appadurai, Arjun. â€Å"Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.† Public Culture 7, no. 2 (1990): 1-24. 2 Bly, Van der. â€Å"Globalization and the Rise of One Heterogeneous World Culture: A Micro Perspective of a Global Village.† International Journal of Comparative Sociology, no. 48 (2007): 469. 3 Jackson, A., Bryant, A., Smallwood, Anthony. â€Å"IMing, Text Messaging, and Adolescent Social Networks,† Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, no. 11(2006): 577–592. 4 Gay, P., Hall, S., Janes, L., Mackay, H., and Negus Keith. Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. London: Sage, 1997 5 Gay, P., Hall, S., Janes, L., Mackay, H., and Negus Keith. Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. London: Sage, 1997 6 Gay, P., Hall, S., Janes, L., Mackay, H., and Negus Keith. Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. London: Sage, 1997 7 Gerard, Goggin. Introduction: what do you mean‘cell phone culture’? in Cell Phone Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 2006 8 Gerard, Goggin. Introduction: what do you mean‘cell phone culture’? in Cell Phone Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 2006 9 Mcchesney, Robert. New Global Media: The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate. Edited by Held Day. Cambridge: Polity, 2004. 10 Sweetman, Paul, and Knowles Caroline. Picturing the Social Landscape: Visual Methods in the Sociological Imagination. New York: Routledge, 2004. 11 Gerard, Goggin. Introduction: what do you mean‘cell phone culture’? in Cell Phone Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 2006 This essay on Effects of Mobile Culture in Relational Maintenance and Behavioral Patterns was written and submitted by user Taryn Singleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Investagtion of the importance of Computer security (SME) within Business The WritePass Journal

Critical Investagtion of the importance of Computer security (SME) within Business Critical Investagtion of the importance of Computer security (SME) within Business INTRODUCTIONREFERENCESRelated ABSTRACT The development of computer system has revolutionised business firms in the world. Business firms virtually rely on computer systems in storing information which is a very vital resource in any business because it is the success of the business. However, the safety of the computer systems needs to be ensured considering the importance and relevance of the information stored in it. One of the most important barricades in the success of the use of computers in business firms, most especially in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SME) is the negligence to computer security. Over the years, it has been discovered that small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) are more prone to potential intruders than the larger enterprise due to common and vast knowledge of popular operating systems and application software’s (e.g. MySQL Database and Microsoft respectively). The internet has created opportunities in the implementation of innovative business applications such as electronic commerce, electronic data interchange and inter-organisational systems (Sousa, KJ et al. 2005), which has kept both business firms and customers vulnerable to threats. We will critically outline the various computer threats in our introduction chapter. Computer security threats keeps multiplying and is still expected to multiply [4]. Taking all of those into consideration, the importance of computer security in business (SME) cannot be over emphasized. Accordingly, the general purpose of this academic write-up is to outline the importance of computer security in business; basically in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME). First and foremost, we would critically define computer security, the various kinds of computer threats and their respective security measures. Also, we would explain what SME is all about, some examples of SME and the use of computer in SME. At last, we would critically outline the importance of computer security in business (SME). INTRODUCTION The basis of computer security comprises of the reply to the question â€Å"What is computer security†. The word â€Å"Security† means to protect or could mean to freedom or prevention from danger, risk or damage. Therefore, computer security which is also referred to as Information Security can be defined as the protection of data and information in a system from or against authorized users or recipients. In other words, computer security is the ability of the computer system to guard data and information against intruders, unauthorized users or malicious users with confidentiality and integrity. Furthermore, computer security is broken down into an acronym CIA which describes the basic goals of computer security and its aim is to protect the data and the system processing the data. The acronym means Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. Confidentiality ensures that data and information is kept away from intruders, unauthorized users or malicious users but yet still made available to those users who are authorized to access the data and information. This is also applied to the system processing the data, the network and other devices that are in the network and the computer system itself. Most times, these data are classified into three (3) levels. Some data are classified as public which means that anyone can access the data; some data are classified as company property which means that only users within the company can access the data and while some data is classified at the government level such as top-secret data which is only accessible by users within the government. To ensure the confidentiality of data and information, some security measures are implemented known as â€Å"Controls† such as authentication controls, encryption controls, etc. Integrity ensures that the data and information in the computer system has not been tampered or altered by intruders, unauthorized users or malicious users and even the authorized users. It guarantees that the data and information has not been changed or destroyed either accidentally or intentionally by intruders, unauthorized users or malicious users. It also ensures that the data and information remains in its authorized state or form. In order to ensure the integrity of data and information, several measures such as hashing or encryption, auditing is implemented. Availability ensures that data/information and systems are made available to only authorized users for use. It protects the authorized users from all sorts of events that may not allow them access to the system and data in the system e.g. accidental events and malicious events. In order to protect the availability of data, some measures are implanted such as backups, server clusters, and redundant systems. Other terminologies associated with computer security are â€Å"Vulnerability† and â€Å"Threat†. Every part of a network such as the computer, people, network devices, operating systems, etc. have unique weaknesses which is called Vulnerability. In order words, vulnerability is a weakness in computer systems. Vulnerability can be exploited. Exploiting vulnerability is the use of weaknesses in diminishing the system security. Therefore, an action taken to exploit against vulnerability by unauthorized or malicious users is known as Threat. Threats can be natural or man-made, intentional or accidental, technology.  Ã‚  Ã‚   REFERENCES David A. Bradbard, Dwight R. Norris, Paramjit H. Kahai 1990, Computer Security in Small Business: An Empirical Study, Journal of Small Business Management, vol 28. Sousa, Kenneth J; MacDonald, Laurie E; Fougere, Kenneth T 2005, Computer Security in the Introductory Business Information Systems Course: An Exploratory Study of Textbook Coverage, Journal of Education for Business, vol 81, p. 15.

Ethical Formal Report and Analysis of the IT employment market Essay

Ethical Formal Report and Analysis of the IT employment market - Essay Example Most of the service sectors and manufacturing units one way or other depends IT for the modernization of their processes or strategies. IT is one of the essential components not only in the computer related businesses, but it has immense influence on other fields such as education, communication, health, transportation, manufacturing etc. It is necessary to keep certain ethical standards in every business activities and IT industry is also not an exception .One unethical behaviour usually leads to more such behaviours to hide the first one. The modern people are more conscious about the importance of ethical standards in everyday life and they are even ready to pay more for the products of the organizations which keeps ethical standards. Since our college has a wide reputation over a period, any silly activities may result in loss of faith by the public in our institution. Violations of ethics in organizations may bring short term benefits while good ethical practices are necessary for the long term benefits. We have to analyze the ethical standards in our organization on this perspective. I strongly believe that as the Director of Information Technology, you will consider this report seriously and will take necessary actions to sustain the confidence public have in our organization. â€Å"When we talk about business ethics, usually were speaking about standards of behaviour in the workplace as well as with customers and partners. Companies known for high ethical standards usually have an ethical code stating that they treat everyone with dignity, dont present misleading information, and scrupulously follow rules and regulations.† Moral behaviour needs to be embedded in a supportive social infrastructure that promotes consistent behaviour†. (Adam Galinsky, 1994) Unethical behaviours often lead to unnecessary problems as far as an organization is considered. In IT industry, the intellectual property

Employment Law--Whitakers Fine Wines Limited Essay

Employment Law--Whitakers Fine Wines Limited - Essay Example Some of these mistakes include are discussed herein. Principle and application of law relating to Adam’s employment At the time of his inclusion into the firm, Adam had his job specifically spelled out for him. His job entailed overseeing general sales as a manager. This he has done effectively and is yielding positive returns. According to the Employment Rights Act 1996, before taking up a job, one is normally briefed on his or her scope of operation which to Adam was the state of Surrey. When the sales manager for the Hampshire area eventually falls sick and is not therefore able to respond to his official duties, the company must find a replacement as soon as possible and ensure that the interests of the company are upheld. Some of the known ways of filling such vacancies have been through appointing an assistant to the victim to take over his position or to request assistance from another employee of equal rank. The firm opted for the later but failed to realise that in su ch a circumstance, the solicited services are offered on an interim basis which should not always last more than three weeks (Kidner, 2013). When Collins fails to return to work by the third month, the firm ought to have found a permanent solution to his truancy (United Bank Ltd v. Akhtar [1989] IRLR 507). Adam, being a dedicated employee, does both the tasks diligently despite the fact that he is overwhelmed. When he can bear the strain no longer, he lodges a formal complaint with his bosses. This was a formal and an expected way of handling such issues. His bosses assure him that they will look into the matter and find an amicable solution sooner; this assurance however, is given verbally by an immediate boss. This, according to the Equality Act 2010, is a clear show that the firm treats its employees with a lot of negligence. An employee communicates officially with his employers over very pertinent issues of production and the best the firm does is to device mechanisms of avoidi ng claims by merely failing to respond to the letters sent to them and the responsible officer is left to give an unbinding verbal communication in response. Adam eventually develops a life threatening condition from his employment. Given the nature of the disease, it is clear that he developed it out of the frustrations he experienced out of his work place. In case of a court case, it will be very difficult to exonerate the firm since it is clear that the firm bears all the claims. After admitting responsibility of the above faults, the firm should send a formal invitation to Adam expressing regret in the maltreatment he underwent and offer him an opportunity for talks. The receipt of this letter may prompt Adam to take the case to court since it will be evidence of the laxity shown to him by his employers and an admission of culpability. Conclusion The company has shown a lot of laxity in handling its employees. Issues affecting employees is not amicably looked into and the level of negligence specifically shown to Adam’s case is unacceptable. The company risks facing serious industrial actions should the case be filed in a court of law. The firm must therefore carry out very prudent restructuring strategies to try and convince its employees that in deed it holds their interests at heart and avert any legal tussle. On Adam’s case, a great deal of mistake has taken place, the

Bad Grammar On the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bad Grammar On the Web - Essay Example This sign makes the mistake of replacing â€Å"Lose† with â€Å"Loose.† There is a major difference between the two of these words. My edited version would be: â€Å"Lock Your Car or Lose it.† Coming from the Nottingham City Council, this obvious mistake should have been corrected. It is likely that most people won’t be fooled by it though because it is only a small mistake and they can figure out what it is trying to say. The problem with this sign is that the canine regulations are written from the point of view of the dog rather than the owner. The most obvious mistake is â€Å"Must Pick Up Defecation By Owners,† which implies that dogs must pick up the excretion of their owners. My edited version would be â€Å"Dogs must be on leashes at all times. All dogs must be licensed. Owners must pick up defecation of their dogs.† Since this sign is only in a park, it is not going to make to much difference, but it could cause some confusion for people who read it

Analysis of Stock Market and the Bullion Market

Analysis of Stock Market and the Bullion Market This project reexamines the comparative relationship between stock prices and bullion market in India i.e. gold spot prices for 2006-07 to 2009-10. The study looks after the variation of stock market and gold market in India. The future of the gold and gold price movements are determined by the perception of gold as a `store of value rather than its fundamentals as a commodity. The precious metals value is also determined by such factors as inflation, interest rates and the presence of lucrative alternative investment avenues in the economy. The comparative relationship tested between the BSE index and spot gold prices of bullion market of India. Gold price is included in the model as an additional variable, to examine whether gold price contain any additional significant information about price movements. Since gold is an important saving instrument in India and is very often used as a hedge against inflation, it is expected that gold may be looked upon as alternative asset for thos e holding idle money and for speculative purposes. Conceptual definition/key words sensex Bullion Spot gold Introduction to the study This study is an attempt made to find the comparative analysis of the stock market and the bullion market. This study will also indicate the potential of the two asset classes and the scope for investing in India. Stock market A  stock market, or equity market, is a private or public  market  for the trading of company  stock  and  derivatives  at an agreed price; these are  securities  listed on a  stock exchange  as well as those only traded privately. The size of the world stock market is estimated at about $36.6 trillion US at the beginning of October 2008. The  total  world derivatives market has been estimated at about $791 trillion face or nominal value,  11 times the size of the entire world economy.   The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The  stock market  is one of the most important sources for  companies  to raise  money. This allows businesses to be publicly traded, or raise additional capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market. The  liquidity  that an exchange provides affords investors the ability to quickly and easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as  real estate. Gold market In the last 6,000 years a little over 125,000 tones of gold has been mined. But this history is clearly divided into two eras before and after the California gold rush of 1848. Some calculations suggest that up until then scarcely 10,000 tones of gold had been excavated since the beginning of time. Thus more than 90% of the worlds gold has been produced since 1848. The story of gold is as rich and complex as the metal itself Wars have been fought for it; love has been declared with it. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs portray gold as the brilliance of the sun; modern astronomers use mirrors coated with gold to capture images of the heavens.By 325 BC the Greeks had mined for gold from Gibraltar to Asia Minor. In 1848 AD John Marshall found flakes of gold whilst building a sawmill near Sacramento and so triggered the gold rush in California.Held securely in national vaults as a reserve asset, gold has an irrefutable logic; released from the tombs of pharaohs and emperors alike, gold has an undeniable magic. In  Heritage  we describe just some of the key moments from golds history. Further sections take time to discuss important fundamental issues such as the relationship of  demand and supply, golds  price history; the  golden constant  and golds contribution to society. Review of Literature: The Sensex and the gold prices for a four year period constituted the database. In a recent study conducted by Steve Saville on Gold and the Stock Market during recession this study examines the gold and stock markets in the world markets for the periods of recession. The study brought out the performance of the two asset classes during recession for the last 10 recessions. The comparison on the gold and stock market awaits the Indian context based on this the researcher set to examine the same. Research Gap: The Literature review clearly indicates that the studies are carried out in abroad and not much in INDIA regarding the selected topic. Though some of the data is available it is all relating to the last year data and no study is made up to date, comparing both bullion and sensex. Research Issues: To know the variation, volatility, risk and return on BSE Sensex Indices in Comparison with Gold Spot Rates in Mumbai. To analyze the performance of BSE Sensex Indices in Comparison with Gold Spot Rates in India between 2006-07 and 2009-10. To provide information about effect of investing Equity and Gold. Objective of the study Relationship between the stock market and the bullion market. To study the Bombay Stock Exchange and the Gold bullion market. To analyze the stock market and the bullion market in the Indian context. To study the interrelationship among the Bombay Stock Exchange and the Gold bullion market. To formulate strategies for investors to invest in based on trends. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: Comparative relationship between stock prices and bullion market in India i.e. gold spot prices for 2006-07 to 2009-10. Comparative returns on investment in Equity and Gold. Variations in Sensex and Gold Spot rates by Monthly wise, Quarterly wise and Year Wise of Indices of BSE, Mumbai and Spot Gold Rates of Bullion Market, Mumbai with Charts and Graphs. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The stocks have risk, which comprises of either unique risk also called as diversifiable risk or unsystematic risk and market risk also called non-diversifiable risk or systematic risk. There are few problems, which reveal the necessary to analyze the variation of the equity shares indices and gold spot rates. We can neither predict the risk involved nor the future performance of the stock. Many equities have not performed well due to which investor has incurred losses. Presently study tries to find out the variation, volatility, risk and return on BSE Sensex Indices in Comparison with Gold Spot Rates in Mumbai has been undertaken. METHOD OF RESEARCH DESIGN TO BE USED UNDER THE STUDY: Descriptive Research: In this research an attempt has been made to analyze the past performance of BSE Sensex and Gold Spot Rates of Mumbai that are considered to be leading indicators of the Stock market and Bullion market. The study is to be done to know the variation, volatility of these markets for the past 4 years. The collection of average values of the BSE Sensex indices and Gold spot rates of Mumbai, on a monthly basis for comparison. METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION: Sampling Type: A Sample is a small representation of lot of population selected at random. The random of drawing a sample form from a large population is called sampling. Sampling data in this study comprised of BSE Sensex Indices and Gold Spot Rates in Mumbai for the period of 2006-07 to 2009-10. Each with monthly average values was taken for the study. SOURCES OF DATA: Primary data:Are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus happens to be original in character observation and personnel discussion with Internal Guide and External Guide. Secondary Sources of data: The sources of data were only the secondary source as the comparison is done keeping BSE Sensex Indices and Gold Spot Rates. Thus the project did not require any first hand information in the form of primary source. The data were collected through the sources like the www.rbi.org.in for getting the share prices and spot prices of past 4 years. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The study is restricted to BSE Sensex Indices of Stock Market and Gold Spot rates in Mumbai Bullion Market. The time period for the project was limited and information provided is limited to Internet and Journals. It focuses on every month Average Values during the period from 2006-07 to 2009-10. The above Chart shows that: Totally BSE Sensex has shown upward trend up to Quarter-3 of 2007-08 and there is continuous decreasing trend upto Quarter-4 of 2008-09 due to the Worldwide recession and Economic Slow down in India. Then from Quarter-1, there is great recovery of +92.36% in 2009-10. Totally Gold Becomes costlier by every Quarter gradually and constantly. By Comparison in 2009-10 BSE Sensex has +83.36% more return on investment than Gold. But this increase by BSE Sensex is the recovery of the previous years economic slow down in India and Worldwide recession. Findings: The comparison of the Sensex and the Gold prices for the period of four years from January 2006 to the 31st December 2010 it can be seen that the prices of gold and the Sensex do not follow a same pattern, this is very important to investors as this is indication of two classes of investments that are negatively correlated and investing in both reduces the risk of loss. This is possible through diversification where investing in two different asset classes. From the graph it can be seen that the Sensex rallied from May 2006 from the 9000 level leaving the Gold behind, this continued till January 2008 where the Sensex reached its all time high of 21000. The price of Gold however was in the price range of 9000 to 10000 from July 2006 to December 2007. It is evident that when the stock market started crashing that the Gold prices started soaring and was on a constant upward trend. In the month of September 2008 the prices of the Sensex and Gold went in opposite direction, this is a clea r indication that the two are oppositely correlated. The above graph can be divided into three parts. The first can be year 2006 where the price of Gold and the Sensex moved in the same upward direction till mid May of 2006 where there was a resistance for both the investments and the price came down to the April 2006 mark, then there was a support where the month of June saw the price of Gold and the Sensex at the same level. From August 2006 the price of the Sensex rallied faster then that of Gold to touching a new high of 15000 on the Sensex. The second part of the research period saw the price of the Sensex still rallying in the year of 2007 the same as the end of 2006. The price of Gold continued to rise but on a constant basis and with a gradual increase. The price of the Sensex during the month of September rose on a constant basis to touch a new high of 20500 in the month of December. The next part of the research period 2008 saw the Sensex crash but the price of Gold was not affected with the crash. Wile the Sensex continued t o decline the price of Gold touched a new high in the month of October 2008 of 13000 rupees for every 10 grams. The last part of the research shows that First and second quarter the BSE sensex is seen a bigger growth with 40%and 20% where as at third quarters we can notice gold change is drastic with 10.06% and the last quarter ie up to December 2010 with negligible difference between the two investments. CONCLUSION In this project the researcher set to analyze the comparison between the stock market and the gold market. From the results and analysis that have been conducted, it can be concluded that gold in-deed is a better investment as compared to stock (during the research period) and is a good asset to include in a portfolio for diversification. The combination of the Sensex stock and Gold in a portfolio is also a good investment strategy as these asset classes are both negatively correlated, and this low correlation improves the stability of the portfolio. In the analysis the researcher compared gold to sensex to see the performance of which asset class was good. The results of this comparison showed gold to be a good investment, with an overall higher return. The Sensex is an index composed of 30 multinational companies, thus it has a high market risk. Gold on the other hand is not an index, it is a valuable metal; it therefore has a high unique risk. In the long run, if money was placed in gold and Sensex (2006-2008), it has evidently been seen that the allocation should be around 50% in gold and 50% in the Sensex to obtain an Optimal Portfolio. Thus in the long run, gold has proven to be an efficient investment when combined with the Sensex. With golds past performance in mind, the researcher would recommend an investor today to hold gold in his/her investment portfolio. This is because of the uncertain environment of today, and due to the high return for gold. The optimal amount to invest in gold could however be questioned. For an investor with a long time horizon, a high amount of gold could be more easily defended than for a short term investor. In the long run, spotted short term deviations have tended to smooth out, to an optimal allocation around 50% in gold. Even though it may be hard to predict, the researcher would still urge investors to own a portion of gold in his/her portfolio today, due to the high return to risk characteristics of gold. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings the researcher would give the following recommendations to investors. An investor should invest in Gold and the Sensex to get maximum returns as both the asset classes are negatively correlated and a good combination for diversification. A 50-50% can be invested in both the asset classes as the loss in one will be compensated in the other which will balance the portfolio, as compared to investing in one and facing huge losses or profits which are not always known. Gold has a tendency to rise in India based on demand seasonally, this is particularly true in the season of marriages, and the researcher would recommend investors to buy Gold in times when there is less demand and sell at the times where demand increases. Stock market is very unpredictable and a company can loose its standing in the economy for the smallest of mistakes or problems faced, but Gold on the other hand will never loose its value and this has been evident for thousands of years and it is even today used as a precious metal. An investor should not invest in Gold for short term but for a long term, as gold in the short term dose not return the same as that of the stock market. If an investor believes in buy low, sell high, gold is still low, but climbing and its never too late to invest in gold.

Environmental Regulation of Offshore Essay

The Environmental Regulation of Offshore Waste management in Nigeria has been documented in an article published by Law Environment And Development [1]. Evidence suggest that, Director of Petroleum Resources has to adopt measure to ensure the adequate regulation of offshore oil and gas E&P waste management [3] and further evidence suggest that, all offshore oil and gas E&P activities should also be subjected to environmental impact assessment at every stage of exploration and production in order to facilitate the proper management of wastes generated [124]. There are counter argument that says although the discharge of produced sands containing LSA/NORM into inland waters and near shore waters is prohibited unless treated to the satisfaction of the Director, no mention is made of discharge into offshore waters [53] and however, certain activities such as unplanned discharge of produced water (requiring contingency permits) and the transfer of produced water to another field for treatment and subsequent re-injection (requiring transfer permits) are not covered by permits or approval under Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria [17] and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (hereafter NESREA Act) empower NESREA, amongst other things, to enforce compliance with regulation on the handling and disposal of chemicals and waste except in the oil and gas sector (10).