Human Rights Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Rights Law - Essay Example These are; affable and political rights; and financial, social and social rights. As to common and political rights, each individual is shielded from maltreatment of intensity by legislators who are known to seek after their own advantages and consequently ignoring the basic interests of the general population. These rights incorporate, right to life, option to cast a ballot and opportunity of association1. Concerning the monetary, social and social rights, each individual has an option to carry on with a respectable life. Furthermore, every individual is qualified for the fundamental needs important for endurance of each person. These rights incorporate, option to function just as right to legitimate wellbeing. Concerning the conversation question given, this paper will talk about how the edge of gratefulness works with respect to human rights and whether the oversight gave by the court was sufficient. This paper will likewise exhibit nitty gritty information and comprehension of th e fundamental ideas, standards and rules of human rights law. It will likewise investigate how human rights ensure the privileges of each and every person in the general public paying little heed to their sexual orientation, ethnicity and status. The term ‘margin of appreciation’ is an idea that has been embraced by the European Court of Human Rights with regards to looking at whether as a part condition of the European Convention on Human Rights has encroach the show in one manner or the other. This edge of gratefulness permits courts to face into result the possibility that the Convention will be reasoned distinctively in the diverse part states. This is the situations with regards to article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights which expresses that each individual has an opportunity of thought, still, small voice and religion. This incorporates the option to change religion alone or as a network and he/she can either do it secretly or openly. It additionally keeps on saying that the opportunity to show one’s religion or convictions will be dependent upon such restrictions as are recommended by the law in light of a legitimate concern for open security. On account of Open Door and Dublin Well Woman versus Ireland (1992) 15 EHRR, the European Court of Human Rights maintained the Ireland Supreme Court’s directive that controlled advising operators from giving data offices abroad to pregnant ladies since it disregarded Article 10 of the Convention for the security of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The directive explicitly meddled with two non benefit associations, Open Door Counseling Ltd. what's more, Dublin Well Woman Center Ltd that gave pregnancy related data to pregnant ladies. None of the two associations maintained or supported fetus removal in any capacity. Notwithstanding that the court further maintained Ireland’s limitation that meddled with the opportunity of the ladies to get to data. The directive had an unequal effect in that in precluded guiding paying little heed to age, wellbeing or conditions of the pregnant ladies, this was on the grounds that Ireland has a real enthusiasm for ensuring the life of the unborn. It was additionally noted by the court, that ending of these pregnancies at later stages without satisfactory guiding represented a wellbeing danger to these ladies. The edge of thankfulness convention in the statute of articles 8 to 11 includes qualified rights which are not outright and have related constraints that are communicated inside the correct itself. The primary section of each article expresses the right, while the second permits the State to penetrate its negative

Benefits of Using Synthyse Essay Samples

Benefits of Using Synthyse Essay SamplesIf you are an English or History student, you must have heard of Synthisis Essay samples. The research paper that is normally presented to the subject is found in the different class syllabus that is distributed to all the students of a certain class. A good composition is used by most students to fill the section of their entire course work. Here are some benefits of using the Sythyse paper samples.First of all, you do not have to worry about the difficulty level of your assignment as it will be set by the various Sythyse paper samples. As there are many sample essays that are set according to the difficulty level, you can choose the one that will fit your needs. You will not have to feel any pressure when trying to finish the assignment since you know what type of paper is required for the task. The difficulty level will be stated on the syllabus so that the students can take note of that and avoid taking the easy option.There are certain ski lls that are required in order to write a person's essay. This paper also contains skills that are similar to the skill set required to write a thesis. For example, if the person has to give his own personal experiences in writing the essay, he should also put up his views in his personal experiences. Then there is the point of proofreading which should be done by the person. You will also need to know that you have to include some of the information that are required to complete the assignment in the essay so that the subject will be divided in smaller parts.As the Sythyse test will also test the knowledge and the skills that are required to analyze the subject that is being discussed in the essay, there is no need to worry on your ability to read and understand the subject. It is recommended that the students take the study guide that is provided by the company so that they can focus on the part of the subject that they want to study. They can then come back to the other parts of the essay after they get comfortable with them.The synthesis essay samples are easy to learn and follow. You can find various different test questions included in the essay. You can use the test questions in the same way that you will use the essay. The test questions in the sample essay is specifically set so that the student will be able to understand the needs that will be needed in writing the essay.The Sythyse essay samples are also set according to the topics that are being studied. You will be given the same number of chapters that is required to fulfill the requirement in the whole project. So, you do not have to worry about the word limit since you can just focus on the part of the project that you are going to finish. The sections are mainly set so that the student can learn the grammar and the structure of the essay.When it comes to the arrangement of the essay samples, there are some methods that can be followed. The first method is that you can organize the sample essay s by topic. The second method is that you can rearrange the different themes of the essay according to the priority and the deadlines that are given by the professor. The third method is that you can use the composition outline which can be found in the Sythyse study guide.When it comes to the time schedule, the schedules that are provided by the company are flexible. There are no restrictions on the time of the student as the company is responsible for the things related to the grading of the assignment. The essay samples are designed according to the preferences of the student and the subject that he is going to write.

Essay Topics on Economic Inequality

Essay Topics on Economic InequalityEssay topics on economic inequality have become extremely popular with many students. There are many benefits to writing about inequality, and we will look at two of them.Essay topics on economic inequality may also be used as an opportunity to provide background or to develop a broader understanding of the subject matter. This is especially important if one plans to write a college level essay on the topic.Many students find that they get more done when they engage in active thinking rather than just passively listening to others as they go through the course of each topic. This kind of approach gives them more opportunities to learn what they need to know before the topic is discussed.In addition to writing on a topic with essay topics on economic inequality, students should also prepare a study guide for themselves. The study guide provides the student with plenty of time to do some independent research in preparation for the essay. It allows the m to plan ahead and organize their thoughts as they read their assigned essays.Often, many students feel that essay topics on economic inequality can be too long and boring. They dread the thought of writing a lengthy essay that does not seem to stimulate them. However, writing about this topic can take time, and you should allow yourself enough time to work through it without rushing to finish it.You will be forced to consider a lot of new concept if you plan to write on this topic. Taking the time to learn and think about each idea will pay off in the end. If you rush to get it all done in one sitting, you may miss something and not get it right.Of course, when you plan to write on this topic, you should not expect to get all the ideas you want. The important thing is to be clear about what you are trying to accomplish. It is much better to get half of the goal accomplished than to never get the other half done.Essay topics on economic inequality can be fun if you plan to write ab out it. You should be able to enjoy the challenge of writing an essay with topics on inequality and the related subjects as well. You will see more benefits from your efforts by taking your time to create an essay that you are proud of.

Ethics Essay - 1345 Words

Ethics Ethics can be defined broadly as a set of moral principles or values. Each of us has such a set of values, although we may or may not have clearly expressed them. It is common for people to differ in their moral principles and values and the relative importance they attach to them. These differences reflect life experiences, successes and failures, as well as the influences of parents, teachers, and friends. Ethical behavior is necessary for a society to function in an orderly manner. It can be argued that ethics is the glue that holds a society together. Philosophers, religious organizations, and other groups have defined in various ways ideal sets of moral principles and values. The following are different†¦show more content†¦Quantitative utilitarians would contemplate the pleasure and pain that would be caused and evaluate how both sides would be affected. Through this calculation of pleasures and pains, one could tell what was right or wrong. John Stuart Mill, also a British philosopher, modified and expanded on Benthams principles. Mills approach insists on qualitative utilitarianism, which requires that one consider not only the amount of pain or pleasure, but also the quality of such pain and pleasure. An utilitarian must consider both the consequences of an action and the good and evil that accompanies it. There are advantages and disadvantages in applying this approach to my own life. I know when I am faced with decisions I do find myself weighing all outcomes, what is right and wrong, and what consequences might result. For example, I encountered a dilemma at my summer job two years ago. I was an usher at a concert venue and I was faced with turning my friends nephew in for having marijuana on him. It was wrong for him to have the drugs with him but at the same time he would of gotten into a lot of trouble. Could I do that to my friend? Could I not do anything at all? As I contemplated this problem, I did take the utilitarianism approach in trying to decide what would be the best thing to do to handle this. In the end I did turn him in to my boss, as not only was that my job, but if anythingShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics : Ethics922 Words   |  4 Pagesand friend group to be altered. One change I was not anticipating making was my approach to ethics. Over the course of the past fifteen weeks, my knowledge of ethics as well as my approach to ethics has changed. I have become more knowledgeable about the different approaches to ethics and have gained insight as to where I stand in my approach to ethics. One thing that has changed in my approach to ethics since the beginning of the semester is I am now adamant that it is impossible to arrive at aRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Define ethics. Ethics is defined as the moral principles and standards that guide the behavior of an individual or group, while business ethics refers to said behavior in the work environment. Great leaders demonstrate and practice this both personally and professionally. With today’s constant media coverage of unethical decisions and their violators, it can be easy for many to people to assume that ethics codes are â€Å"just for show†. A prime example of the unethical culture that exists in businessRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics851 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Berger who stated, â€Å"Without ethics, man has no future. This is to say, mankind without them cannot be itself. Ethics determine choices and actions and suggest difficult priorities† (Berger). His meaning behind that quote is simple. In this world is there a right and a wrong way of doing something? In this world, ethics determines our actions and the consequences that come about those actions, determining right and wrong. The real question is however, are Ethics black and white? Is what is â€Å"right†Read MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics955 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Ethics is a key moral philosophy that helps us determine what is right and wrong. This paper will talk about my views on ethics. I will share personal examples of ethical situations that I have been in. I will also share where my ethical views originated from and why ethics is important to me. Next, I will discuss how ethics will affect my career and why it will be important in it. Lastly, I will talk about the importance of ethics in the global world. Personal: In my opinion ethics is a moralRead MoreEthics And The Ethics Of Ethics929 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Nurse’s Before all parties involved can begin a working relationship, each individual should discuss and obtain a written description of the duties expected and the code of ethics that should be respected and followed; by beginning with a clear understanding of ethical values. Ethics: the study of right and wrong and how to tell the difference between them. Since ethics also means people s beliefs about right and wrong behavior, ethics can be defined as the study of ethics. EthicsRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1569 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics In Nursing Rayda M. Garcia Fairleigh Dickinson Universityâ€Æ' Ethics In Nursing The study of ethics, or applied ethics, is necessary for healthcare professionals who often face dilemmas that are not experienced by the general population. The fast-paced growth of medical technology has made the study of ethics even more relevant. The study of bioethics, or biomedical ethics, refers to moral dilemmas due to advances in medicine and medical research. Since medical law and ethics are oftenRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics775 Words   |  4 Pagesmillion to settle a shareholder lawsuit. We can refer from the two previous examples that ethics education is crucial. The main reason for ethics education is that ethics courses and training would help students, who are going to become future managers and business decision makers, to resolve such ethical dilemmas correctly. As we know that most dilemmas often have multiple decision criteria. Business ethics classes would help students to realize which decision criteria lead to a preference for aRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees that the work place ethics code forbids using work-place resources for personal financial profit. To make ethically right decision in this ethical dilemma, I will focus on the philosophers’ standpoint and reasoning of ethics of care, ethics of justice, utilitarian ethics and universal principle to analyze the situation. In this tough situation, my conclusion is that I will not report this action to the higher authority although she is violating wor k place ethics code. I will provide my reasoningRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1485 Words   |  6 Pages Ethics is a concept derived from an individual’s religion, philosophies or culture, forming a collection of moral principles carrying out the manner in which a person leads their life. In modern society philosophers divide ethical theories into three separate areas, meta-ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. Meta-ethics refer to the origins and meanings of ethical principles, dealing with the nature of moral judgement. Normative ethics refers to what is right and wrong and concerned withRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics987 Words   |  4 PagesEthics affect every facet of life, especially in a professional community. When a decision is to be made within a community, the ethical decision is typically that which benefits the most people or harms the least people. There are some scenarios however, when the correct decision based on a system of ethics that values doing the right thing is not the decision that leaves behind the least negative impact on the organization. An organization must decide if it will follow the system of ethics that

Smoking in restaurants, bars and pubs should be banned in...

Smoking in restaurants, bars and pubs should be banned in Slovakia Smoking. Annoying habit that interferes with nonsmokers and smokers themselves too often. For centuries people around the world are subject to it, regardless of age, gender or race. Some smoke because they consider it to be modern, to fit into some games and some because it calms them down. The most often we get in touch with cigarettes is in restaurants, bars and pubs, and therefore as a non-smoker I personally think, and I will show you that smoking in these areas should definitely be banned. Concentration of tobacco smoke in establishments of this type is extremely high, since all piled in small enclosed spaces. This high concentration causes anyone not used to the†¦show more content†¦When I go to sit in the evening with friends in the pub, it does not mean now, I have to smell as they say, like a walking ashtray. No smoking in such enterprises could also help to reduce the number of young smokers in the future and thus also reduce the number of smokers in general, whereas smoking is an addiction for life. The last and most important of all arguments supporting a ban on smoking in bars, pubs and restaurants, is the health of passive smokers. Passive smokers, otherwise known as indirect or involuntary, is nowadays becoming unwillingly almost every non-smoker, because in ordinary daily life, he can never quite avoid it. Cigarettes contain 4,000 chemicals, of which 43 are carcinogenic. These substances act on the nervous system, increase the risk of cardiovascular and cancer and respiratory diseases. Passive smokers are affected by cigarette smoke as well as active. U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention warned that breathing tobacco smoke for just 30 minutes increases the risk of heart attack in nonsmokers’ level smoker. In Slovakia each year die 20 000 people, of which 520 passive smokers. I chose this topic because I have personal experience with all of the above. As a non-smoker it bothers me to stay in smoky areas. It hampers me even more that it does not end with my departure from the bar, because the unpleasant odor is pulling with me for theShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesit is to examine the constraints and consequences of cultural integration, since the long-term results are leaving a legacy positively and negatively. As we move towards the third millennium, a rational planning scheme and utilization of cultures should remain the major pre-occupation of the society. IV. HYPOTHESES In order to carry out the study and achieve the stated objectives, a number of hypotheses were advanced to address the problem; i) Globalization and cultural integration

Difference Between Real And Fake Friendships - 1852 Words

Compare and Contrast Paper It takes time for me to consider someone to be my friend. I am a very friendly person and I like to meet new people but just because I talk to you doesn’t mean that we’re friends. I could very well like you and still won’t call you my friend. I wasn’t born this way but i’ve been in many crazy situations and it took some time for me to distinguish between real and fake friendships. I don’t call someone my friend until I feel like we have bond we can communicate, and I trust them. It all starts with having the same interests as someone. I probably wouldn’t be friends with someone who is into art museums and classical music. Or someone who is a homebody and doesn’t talk. A personality and attitude will show you if†¦show more content†¦This is when she found out that her boyfriend had feelings for another girl and no longer wanted to be with her.It took a toll on her whole life. Tameka is ambitiou s,full of personality, attitude,loves to dance and likes to kick it with her friends.She worried a lot but she had big plans for her future and family. This book showcases many different themes like love,loneliness and friendships. Tameka,the protagonist of Step Up by Monica Mckayhan and I are alike in many ways.We both share the same view of the world, are viewed by the world in similar ways and I would respond in a comparable way to the central conflict of the novel. Therefore, I believe given the chance, we could be friends. Everyone loves Tameka. She was a star on the dance team, got good grades and dated the star basketball player on the high school basketball team. She is also pretty.She is brown skinned, has long hair and she likes to be girly. One of her best features was her smile. On page 111, she sat on the front porch with her friend Sean, he gave her a compliment stating that the moon was almost as beautiful as her smile. She didn’t like her big belly and swollen ankles which made her a little insecure but she still had people around to remind her that she was pretty no matter what. â€Å"You look really cute.And you are glowing,† Asia said (pg.29). After she had theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Importance of Friends Throughout Life565 Words   |  3 PagesThere are a few dictionary definitions including, â€Å"one attached to another by affection or esteem†, or, â€Å"one that is of the same nation, party, or group†, and even, â€Å"a person who you like and enj oy being with.† The definition of the word can change between whatever age group one might be in. Two toddlers can be â€Å"childhood friends† which is defined as a person that a toddler might share toys with or play games with, and possibly grow old with. As people age, the definition of â€Å"friend† might become aRead MoreSocial Networking And Social Media2079 Words   |  9 Pagesdefined as someone whom you may or may not know in real like who has sent a friend request to your social networking site. They can be our close friends who we have been contacting all the times or long lost friends from college. However, some people are just a â€Å"Facebook friend† who have added people just to increase their popularity (Shear social media 2010). According to SingleBlackMale[SBM](2014) as people grow older, then tend to realize that only real friends will stay in their lives while the â€Å"friends†Read MoreThe Winter Wind By William Shakespeare1226 Words   |  5 Pagesbiting as humanity. The poet discusses the harsh reality of man’s nature to be ungrateful and pierce the hearts of one another sharper than the lashes of a wintry wind. An observable theme prevalent throughout the writer’s words is how love and friendship are consumed by heartbreak and how it is folly to have expectations about loyalty considering the matters of the heart. The poem can be related to the common feeling of seemingly unjust bitterness in people due to a prevalence of insincerity andRead MoreThe Facade of Friendship in Edith Wharton’s Short Story, Roman Fever1595 Words   |  7 Pagescreating tension and resentment that damage their friendships. From an early age, girls feel unspoken rivalries that only escalate throughout their lives. Envying another girl’s new pair of shoes eventually turns into coveting her career or fiancà ©. Once the delicate balance between friendship and rivalry is disturbed, feelings of jealousy and hatred will emerge to destroy the relationship. Edith Wharton’s short story â€Å"Roman Fever† depicts the dynamic between two life-long friends as they reminisce aboutRead More`` Virtual Friendships And The New Narcissism ``962 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor, Senior editor of The New Atlantis, and fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center, Christine Rosen, in her article â€Å"Virtual Friendships and the New Narcissism,† analyzes if technology can provide what it promises- â€Å"a surer sense of who we are and where we belong.† Rosen’s purpose of her article is to argue that social networking sites are doing more harm than good. Rosen uses multiple studies and quotes to present her argument. In this article Rosen uses a plethora of examples and sourcesRead MoreThe Greatest Gift Of Life Is Friendship1382 Words   |  6 Pagesmany people try to figure out who I really am, when I didn’t even know who I was. There is one person who knows who I really am and that is my best friend, Danny. Friendship is a special love. As we all know finding a true friend is always hard. So when one is found, it is important to hang on tight. The greatest gift of life is friendship, and I have received it. I will be remembered for being confident, strong, and a girl that had all the answers. No one had fully ever understood me or my actionsRead MoreThe Gift Of Song By Patricia Mcconnel918 Words   |  4 Pagesof the songs and didn’t sing as loud as Angora, but she helped contribute to the duet in any way she could. Iva wasn’t feeling quite as bad as Angora, but she still felt the need to escape from her cold and dark prison cell. Singing forms a bond between the two wo men that helps them feel human in a place that can turn the strongest people into jailfaced zombies. While singing, Iva begins to understand that the act of singing isn’t what helps comfort Angora, but it’s the comfort found in the companionshipRead More`` Mean Girls, By Lindsay Lohan Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica, with her parents as Zoologists. She was homeschooled for all of her school years, and this would be the first attempt at public school. Cady like most adolescents, finds herself in a rock and a hard place when she is caught between real friendship and the fake ego plastic one. From the view of a Developmental Psychologist, there are several key factors and theories strongly influencing Cady and her behaviors during this time in her life. Moral emotions, moral reasoning, forging a senseRead MoreModern Family Analysis Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesperceive others, even family members. In the episodes that we have chosen there are ten main characters. Main Character Profiles Gloria Gloria is Jay’s wife and Manny’s mother. She is seen as a very loving wife and mother despite the age difference between her and Jay. Others tend to view her as a gold digger considering that Jay is her main source of income. Manny Manny is Gloria’s 13 year old son from her first marriage. He is very outgoing and not the least bit self-conscious. He is alsoRead MoreEssay about Horatio and Laertes as Foils in Hamlet1119 Words   |  5 Pagesmeet Horatio, a friend of Hamlets and a fellow student.nbsp; When reading [ref] the conversations between Hamlet and Horatio, it becomes clear how Hamlet feels about his fathers murder and his plans to avenge this murder.nbsp; We also meet Laertes, son of Polonius and sister to Ophelia.nbsp; Through interactions with Laertes we see another side to Hamlet. The similarities and the differences between them both help to show off more of Hamlets personality and feelings about the revenge. Through both

Commercial and Corporation Law Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Commercial and Corporation Law for Resource Management. Answer: The basic concept of the contract is where the party has made a general invitation, and there was an offer with acceptance. The acceptance is necessary to have a valid consent from the concerned party (McKendrick, 2014). It is important the contract made in good faith with no interpretation of the terms. For such a reason it is important to have the contract in clear language so that the person understands the provisions of the agreement in a contract. The contract is an agreement between the two or more parties. Certain terms bind the rights and respective obligations that are enforceable by law (Wright, 2015). Some of the facts are ascertained by the act of the parties whether they have reached a level of agreement or not. So, to sum up, it is observed that a contract includes the following steps which are: 1. Capacity to contract resulting to invitation to treat to a party, which is summed up as making an offer. 2. Intention to create legal relations. For creating intension for legal relation certain terms are followed. The essential elements to form a contract are: 1. Capacity that includes (invitation to treat), offer- usually an offer is defined as a mere invitation or the expression of willingness from the part of the offeror to the offeree so as to bind with some specified terms upon the unqualified acceptance of such terms, Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks Spencer plc. While the contract made, there must be an option to terminate the same before the final approval procedure gets complete, Partridge v Crittenden. Ben forwarded the offer of invitation to Alan, since he is in intention to serve Alan. 2. Acceptance- the offer accepted on the absolute terms and assent by the offeree. The assets are expressed in terms or conduct and must not infer from mere silence. The acceptance requires general communication to the offeror as a general rule. The method of the communication is expressed and authorized with the implied terms of the contract. In some matters, there is a postal acceptance rule which is meant as one of the exception rules that provides the recognition after the letter of the same is posted. Acceptance of offer from the part of Alan under good faith to get served by Ben. 3. Certainty and completeness- the essential terms as mentioned in the contract must be defined and enforceable before the enforcement of the agreement. It is important to the concerned party that the essential terms of the contract must be correctly specified so that the good faith of the party to the contract gets hampered Carter v Boehm. The subject to the agreement will be incomplete when the intentions of the party were not being enforced under the legal obligation which is one of the prime factors of the contract. Ben explained the certainty of the product assured Alan about the commodity to be perfect as per Alans requirement. 4. Promissory estoppels- it is merely a promise unsupported by the binding under the consideration. The doctrine of the estoppels applies to those elements where the party makes an unambiguous commitment in words or any other form of conduct. Here, Ben claimed that the commodity was genuine as described by him. Assurance by Ben that the product is genuine and is distilled in Russia. 5. Expressed terms: one of the essential elements of the contract is the expressed terms as mentioned under section 5 of the act. The terms must ascertain in such manner that there is no distinguishing factor between representation and the actual terms in the agreement before it enforced. Expression of the terms, assurance of the genuinity of product to Alan by Ben. 6. Intention to create legal relation: the intention to create legal relation makes both the party bound in an agreement and on party is liable to follow the obligations to carry on the duty with good faith. The presence of contract can be supported with the reference of the matter, Eastern Resource Management Services Ltd v Chiu Teng Construction Co Pte Lt. The given matter explains that there was an offer from Ben to serve and acceptance from Alan. Apart from that Alan explained some certain requirements regarding the product he intends to buy explaining the consideration. Ben suggested some products with some description explaining the presence of expressed and intended implied term. The explanation and assurance from the part of Ben say the presence of promissory estoppels, which concludes the presence of the contract. The sale of goods act is enforceable under the law of contract. In other words, when a sale of the goods occurs, the process is complete when the buyer buys the goods upon good faith. The sale of goods act thus goes with the compliance of the fair trading policies. It is the ultimate responsibility of the seller to make a sale without keeping any hidden policies which the buyer gets to discover after the purchase proceeds (statutes.agc.gov.sg, 2016). In the given matter, it is observed that Alan is particular about the purchase of the beverages processed in Russia and even manufactured over the same place. Upon arriving at the liquor store, he was attended by a salesperson named Ben. Ben assured Alan that the products he suggested processed in Russia. He even proceeded with the explanation and the background of each of the beverages that are suggested by him. After consuming the product, everyone suffered from diarrhea. After the test made with the product, it was found that the products belonged to some toxic classes and is an illicit consuming product. If the matter is seen then, it can be found that there was a presence of a deliberate mistake from the part of the salesperson. On concluding the factual incidents, it is understood that section 13, 14 (2) with correspondence to 14 (b) and 14 (3) of the sales of goods act are violated from the part of Ben while delivering the products. Ben even committed the violation of section 6 (2) (a) by delivering an alternative product as described in samples. Section 13 which says that the goods must correspond with the description as made by salesperson which processing a purchase. Ben explained that the products are Russian distilled vodka which Alan put forward as his requirement (Butler, 2016). Unlike what is described in the matter (Harlingdon Lienster Enterprises Ltd v Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd [1991] 1 QB 564), where the buyer did not rely on the words of the seller, here Alan relied on Bens words, and got himself delivered with a bootleg explaining Bens contradiction to the mentioned section. Section 14 (2) of the Act explains that the condition of the good must be satisfactory quality and ensured safety for consumption, which goes with relation to section 14(2B). In this matter, Alan asked for Russian distilled vodka, but he was handed over with some bootleg product. The quantity so ordered by him was provided, but the product had some alteration from the actual description made by Ben. The quality of goods must be hypothetical with the reasonable person as observed in the matter (Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd ([2006], National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd [2007]. The main motive to describe the section is to show relevancy where Ben made a contradiction. Section 14(3) explains that the product delivered must be good for use and should be reasonably fit for the person who made the purchase. Ben, on making some false description of the product made Alan sick and admitted to hospital. Upon test made it is found that the product was a bootleg. National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd [2007] explains similar issues that the products were not fit for using purpose. Section 6 (2) (a) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 explains that the provisions gets related to the liability of implied terms of Sales of Goods Act 1979 with respect to the supply of goods. So, when a party is a consumer in the contract, the sales party can never exclude the terms of liability in relation to the description, fitness and quality of the product. Ben made a breach of terms here, as he violated the section and made the wrong delivery of the products. Alan made a careful description of the products and he was very particular about what he asked, whereas Ben made an assurance of giving him what he wants and ended up delivering a bootleg which caused damage to Alan as well as his friends. The validity of the implied terms is considered until such time when there is no deliberate mistake occurred from the part of the business dealer as mentioned under section 5.5. Upon the discharge of the contract, it is important for the individuals to follow the implied terms of the contract and there must be no misrepresentation on the part of the dealer. The expressed terms of the contract ascertain as mentioned under Section 5.1 explains about a certain fact that there must be no distinguishing of the fact from the real to the representation made (Fried, 2015). The terms whether made orally or reduced to written is important to have a similarity between the description sand the actual presentation. The implied terms must not be contradictory to the expressed terms of the agreement. In the given situation, Ben have made an alteration of the terms of the actual terms and created a misguidance to Alan. The nature of statement or terms in the receipt explain that there is no liability on the part of the organization if any risk arises from the use of the product which means that the business holder misinterpreted with the terms as mentioned in section 5.2. The terms of the implied factors of the contract cannot be interpreted as per the convenience of the business dealer, Chapelton v Barry UDC. There may be situations where the people can take advantage of the implied terms by the interpretation. In the given matter when there is a deliberate misrepresentation made from the part of Ben, then he is liable to pay the damages in the form of compensation. If any matter is filed in the court regarding the interpretation of the implied terms, then the court will observe the objective test of the determination about how and what way the terms were interpreted. The fact is similar to the matter Petroships Investment Pte Ltd v Wealthplus Pte Ltd. The classification of the terms looks in the concern that whether the terms expressed do not create a breach of contract (Alexandrov Mendenhall, 2015). The matter express here that the terms are classified in such manner that it is convenient for the interpretation. When there is a scope of the alteration of terms, then such factors are likely to cause a breach of the contract. There is a scope for the contracting party to specify the contract expressly by the classification of the terms. The validity of the terms in the bill thus questions the applicability of the implied and incorporation of terms of the contract, Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel,(Michael, et al., 2013). In this matter, the exception to the terms of the contract will not apply since there was a fact of misrepresentation from the part of the salesperson. The expressed terms in the receipt of the purchase do not guarantee the use of the illegal methods to carry on business. It is a matter of unfair contract terms carried on from the part of Ben since he convinced the consumer to take a product which is illegal for the consumption. Section 2(2) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act, 1977 explains that the declaration in the receipt cannot exclude the liability of any type of losses other than the general effect of consuming the product. Section 2(3) of the act explains that the seller is aware of the exclusion clause of the receipt and the declaration. Hence, interpretation with the cause of defending will not be applicable in this case as Ben made an alteration of the description and committed breach under Unfair Contract Terms Act, 1977. Ben committed negligence to the disposition of his duty as mentioned under section 1.3 since the act contains the following factors: 1. The defendant owed some duty of care as a legal obligation 2. The defendant made a breach to the legal duty imposed upon him. 3. The breach of duty caused the plaintiff some recoverable damage To support the statements made it is important to refer the case of Donoghue v Stevenson. Upon such negligence, the law of contract explains some of the statutes that will determine whether the third party holds the right to sue Ben or not under contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. The third party gets right when there is a benefit purport on them as mentioned under Sec 1(b) with subject to subsection (2). An exception to the third party rights is such that it will not apply in the case when the parties did not intend the terms to be enforceable by the third party. But, in the given matter, Alan bought the beverages with an intension to party with the friends; hence such rule will apply here. The act even explains that where the consent of the third party is required in the court proceeding, rights under the third party will apply here as mentioned under section 5 and 6. Wyong Shire Council v Shirt [1980], the matter explaining that there was negligence in the duty of care hence causing breach of duty. The breach of duty caused some harm to the concerned party as well as the members included in the party. Upon such factors the third party can seek when they reached with some level of damage. The factual matter explains the breach of duty of the salesperson Ben causing some to the entire group of members who consumed the product. Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) explains about the reasonable man test that would result from any situation. The reasonable man test explains how any average or ordinary person would react in certain situation. The concept also explains the liability of the person that would get right in certain situation where they reached some harm and can sue against the original person in the agreement. Apart from the rights provided under the Act, the Contract Act provides certain rights to the third parties in other words which are indirectly involved in the contract (Goh Lee, 2014). The third party right act provides the rights to the third party without any retrospective effect (Mahmood, 2013). In this Alan's friend consumed the beverage as bought by Alan and faced severe diarrhea for which they had to be hospitalized. The section explains about the statutory right of the party for enforcing a term in a contract against the party who made a breach in the contract. The rights will be valid for the third party even though there is no consideration made from the promisor upon such execution of the rights (singaporelaw.sg, 2016). The act explains that where there is a possibility of removing the risk and the salesperson did not do it then there will some enforceability of the rights of third party. The matter is explained well in the case Latimer v A.E.C. The third party will get the rights when there is a breach of duty from the concerned party in the agreement. Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital[1969], the matter introduced the but for test concept that explains that the defendant will not be held liable for the damage caused when that did not occur death. When the consequence occurs but for the act or omission of the defendant the defendant wont be held liable. In the factual matter Ben purposely gave a bootleg product to his customer thus resulting to the damage which will give the third party rights. The but for test wont be applicable here. The act explains that the right of the party will be applied under the phrase that where the third party has received a negative consequence resulting from the usage of the commodity (Campbell, 2015). The negative benefits are such benefits that limit the terms of the party by the promisor, but the third party can apply for the enforceability of the rights. The act also explains the qualified means and ways that the third party can enforce the statutory right against the promisor (Chen-Wishart, Ong, 2015). Firstly, the third party statutory rights are necessary for the qualification of the defense by which the promisor can assert the same to the other party. Secondly, the sum of compensation for the damage can be recovered with the application of the act where there is a discovery of the observance made regarding the breach of the terms by the promisor toward the promisee. References: Alexandrov, S. A., Mendenhall, J. (2015). Breach of Treaty Claims and Breach of Contract Claims: Simplification of International Jurisprudence. InContemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation: The Fordham Papers 2014(pp. 24-44). Brill. Butler, P. (2016, April). Choice of Law. InInternational Sales Law(pp. 1025-1086). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG. Campbell, D. (2015). Better than Fuller: a two interests model of remedies for breach of contract.The Modern Law Review,78(2), 296-323. Ch.08 The Law of Contract. (2016). Singapore law.sg. Retrieved 11 June 2016, from https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/commercial-law/chapter-8 Chen-Wishart, M., Ong, B. (Eds.). (2015).Studies in the Contract Laws of Asia: Remedies for Breach of Contract. Oxford University Press. Fried, C. (2015).Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. Goh, Y., Lee, P. W. (2014). Contract law.Singapore Academy of Law Annual Review of Singapore Cases, (2014), 217. Mahmood, A. (2013). The need for legislative reform of the privity doctrine in commercial contracts in Malaysia: a comparative analysis. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Michael, A. O., Razak, A. R. (2013). The study of claims arising from building collapses: case studies from Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore and Thailand.Civil and Environmental Research,3(11), 113-129. The Statutes Of The Republic Of Singapore Sale Of Goods Act. (2016). Statutes.agc.gov.sg. Retrieved 11 June 2016, from https://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/download/0/0/pdf/binaryFile/pdfFile.pdf?CompId:414f397a-7e80-4290-8f21-7efea64f61cd Wright, D. (2015). Another wrong step: equitable compensation following a breach of trust.Trusts Trustees, ttv005.

Internet Regulations Essays - Television Technology, Video Formats

Internet Regulations What is a V-chip This term has become a buzz word for any discussion evolving telecommunications regulation and television ratings, but not too many reports define the new technology in its fullest form. A basic definition of the V-chip; is a microprocessor that can decipher information sent in the vertical blanking of the NTSC signal, purposefully for the control of violent or controversial subject matter. Yet, the span of the new chip is much greater than any working definition can encompass. A discussion of the V-chip must include a consideration of the technical and ethical issues, in addition to examining the constitutionally of any law that might concern standards set by the US government. Yet in the space provided for this essay, the focus will be the technical aspects and costs of the new chip. It is impossible to generally assume that the V-chip will solve the violence problem of broadcast television or that adding this little device to every set will be a first amendment infringement. We can, however, find clues through examining the cold facts of broadcast television and the impact of a mandatory regulation on that free broadcast. Utilizing the EIA's Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service(EIA-608) specification, these chips decode EDS (Extended Data Services)program ratings, compare these ratings to viewer standards, and can be programmed to take a variety of actions, including complete blanking of programs. Is one definition of the V-chip from Al Marquis of Zilog Technology. The FCC or Capitol Hill has not set any standards for V-chip technology; this has allowed many different companies to construct chips that are similar yet not exact or possibly not compatible. Each chip has advantages and disadvantages for the rating's system, soon to be developed. For example, some units use onscreen programming such as VCR's and the Zilog product do, while others are considering set top options. Also, different companies are using different methods of parental control over the chip. Another problem that these new devices may incur when included in every television is a space. The NTSC signal includes extra information space known as the subcarrier and Vertical blanking interval. As explained in the quotation from Mr. Marquis, the V-chips will use a certain section of this space to send simple rating numbers and points that will be compared to the personality settings in the chip. Many new technologies are being developed for smart-TV or data broadcast on this part of the NTSC signal. Basically the V-chip will severely limit the bandwidth for high performance transmission of data on the NTSC signal. There is also to be cost to this new technology, which will be passed to consumers. Estimates are that each chip will cost six dollars wholesale and must be designed into the television's logic. The V-chip could easily push the price of televisions up by twenty five or more dollars during the first years of production. The much simpler solution of set top boxes allows control for those who need it and allow those consumers who don't to save money and use new data technology. Another cost will most definitely be levied to television advertisers for the upgrade of the transmitting equipment. Weather the V-chip encoding signal is added upstream of the transmitter or directly into uplink units and other equipment intended for broadcast; this cost will have to compensated for in advertising sales and prices. The V-chip regulation may also require another staff employee at most stations to effectively rate locally aired programs and events. All three of these questions have been addressed in minute detail. Most debate has focused upon the new rating system and its implementation. Though equally important, this doesn't deal with the ground floor concerns for the television producing and broadcasting industries. Now as members of the industry we must hold our breath until either the fed knocks the wind from free broadcast with mandatory ratings' devices, or allows the natural regulation to continue. Technology Essays

Meet the Nubian Pharaohs of Twenty-Fifth Dynasty Egypt

Meet the Nubian Pharaohs of Twenty-Fifth Dynasty Egypt By the chaotic  Third Intermediate Period  in Egypt, which came the in the first half of the first millennium B.C., a lot of local rulers were battling it out for control of the Two Lands. But before the Assyrians and Persians made Kemet their own, there was a final resurgence of culture and classic Egyptian iconography from their neighbors to the south in Nubia, who made this spot their own. Meet the fantastic pharaohs of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. Enter Stage Egypt At this time, Egypts decentralized power structure allowed one powerful individual to sweep in and take control, as a Nubian king named Piye (ruled c. 747 to 716 B.C.) did. Located to the south of Egypt in modern Sudan, Nubia was intermittently ruled by Egypt over the millennia, but it was also a land full of fascinating history and culture. The Nubian kingdom of Kush was alternately centered at Napata or Meroe; both sites exhibit Nubian and Egyptian influences on their religious and funerary monuments. Just take a look at the pyramids of Meroe or the Temple of Amun at Gebel Barkal, and it was Amun who was the god of pharaohs. At a victory stele set up at Gebel Barkal, Piye portrays himself as an Egyptian pharaoh who justified his conquest by acting as a truly pious monarch whose rule was favored by the patron deity of Egypt. He slowly moved his military power northward over several decades, all while solidifying his reputation as a pious prince with the elite in the religious capital of Thebes. He encouraged his soldiers to pray to Amun on his behalf, according to the stele; Amun listened and allowed Piye to make Egypt his own by the late eighth century B.C. Unusually, once Piye conquered all of Egypt, he went home to Kush, where he died in 716 B.C. Taharqas Triumphs Piye  was succeeded as pharaoh and king of Kush by his brother, Shabaka (ruled c. 716 to 697 B.C.). Shabaka continued his familys project of religious restoration, adding on to Amuns great temple at Karnak, as well as sanctuaries at Luxor and Medinet Habu. Perhaps his most famous legacy is the Shabaka Stone, an ancient religious text that the pious pharaoh claimed to have restored. Shabaka also re-established the ancient priesthood of Amun at Thebes, appointing his son to the position. After a brief, if unremarkable, reign by a relative named Shebitqo, Piyes son Taharqa  (ruled c. 690 to 664 B.C.)  took the throne. Taharqa embarked on a truly ambitious building program worthy of any of his New Kingdom predecessors. At Karnak, he built four majestic gateways  at the temples four cardinal points, along with many rows of columns and colonnades; he added to the already beautiful Gebel Barkal temple and built new sanctuaries across Kush to honor Amun. By becoming a builder-king like the great monarchs of yore (such as Amenhotep III), Taharqa both established his pharaonic credentials. Taharqa also pressed Egypts northern boundaries as his predecessors had done. He reached out to create friendly alliances with Levantine cities like Tyre and Sidon, which, in turn, provoked the rival Assyrians. In 674 B.C., the Assyrians attempted to invade Egypt, but Taharqa was able to repel them (this time); the Assyrians were successful in taking Egypt in 671 B.C. But, during this series of back-and-forth conquests and tossing out of the invaders, Taharqa died. His heir, Tanwetamani (ruled c. 664 to 656 B.C.), didnt hold out long against the Assyrians, who sacked the treasures of Amun when they captured Thebes. The Assyrians appointed puppet ruler named Psamtik I to reign over Egypt, and Tanwetamani ruled concurrently with him. The final Kushite pharaoh was at least nominally acknowledged as pharaoh until 656 B.C. when it became clear Psamtik (who later expelled his Assyrian patrons from Egypt) was in charge.

Genocide as a part of international crimes Essay

Genocide as a part of international crimes - Essay Example The act of genocide is believed to be a severe violation of humanity. Even though, it was assumed in the early days, there has been a need for the international community to rise up and condemn the inhuman act. The international community came up strongly in the 1990`s to condemn such an act. This was a fight that required brave souls to strongly come up with legal frameworks that would make certain such offenses do not recur in future. High penalties were imposed on any nation or an individual that violated humanity. However, a lot of challenges have ensured that such standards are not achieved to the latter. Genocide is any act committed with intent to destroy part, national, ethnical, racial or religious group (Shaw, 2007). For instance, killing members of a particular group or causing both body and mental harm to a targeted group of people is also considered as an act of genocide. In most cases, the act is also accompanied by adding conditions that could physically affect them later. Such acts are deliberately done especially on grounds to suppress a particular group of individuals. Sometimes, enforcing measures that could prevent births within the group and transferring children of a group to another group using force could also be considered an act of genocide. Normally, the government or regime is always assumed to be in control of the state that is committed to eliminate one or more groups for political purposes. Threats from outside interference are not present. The killing is headed by the military and paramilitary organized by the state. In most cases, the victims are in no position to literally defend themselves. In the real world, the government believes that, the group is normally a threat to the dominate society regardless of whether the victim group was a cohesive or even enjoyed coherent unity. The group’s identification was based on their perception of

The Future of Health Care Delivery in Canada Research Paper

The Future of Health Care Delivery in Canada - Research Paper Example Each provincial government delivers health services to the people on its own terms, making the harmonization of the health care delivery system very difficult, which in turn means that it is difficult to coordinate national health programs and as a result, any health challenges goes unaddressed, since each provincial government has to do its own audit. Therefore, this is a significant issue that needs to be addressed, through a possible overhaul of the system, to place healthcare under the responsibility of the national government, and thus achieve more coordination and harmonization of the health services delivered to the people. This will serve to ensure equity and fairness for all in the future. Secondly, the Canadian healthcare delivery system has major imbalances between acute and chronic treatment (Rachlis, 2004). The healthcare system in Canada was established on the basis of providing world-class treatment for major illnesses such as surgeries, while the chronic illnesses hav e been relegated to a level that is deficient (Rachlis, 2004). Consequently, there are few deaths resulting from major illnesses because the health care system is well developed for that, but there are major shortcomings in the area of chronic illnesses, which accounts for much of the lives lost in the country. Therefore, there is a great need for the country’s healthcare system to be developed further for chronic treatment capacities, which will ensure that the imbalance existing between the acute and the chronic treatments is effectively addressed in the future.

Tourism and Basic Needs Essay Example for Free

Tourism and Basic Needs Essay Poorer countries should consider developing their tourist industry as they are predominantly agricultural, have sharply limited development prospects in the near future and tend to be heavily dependent on official development assistance as almost everything requires money. Tourism is an attractive tool that could solvooe these problems as the developing countries could invest in this industry to reap massive amount of profits which could speed up the development of the country’s economy and allow the basic needs of people to be met. Tourism is considered to be the most tactical approach for economic development, specifically in the poorer countries. When viewed as an export industry of the 3Gs, ‘ Get them in, Get their money and Get them out’, tourism has the greatest tendency to assist developing countries to move away from a dependency on agriculture and also, diversifying its sources of revenue. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF)’s study on tourism and travel, tourism industry creates most jobs in developing countries and their foreign earnings leapt from less than US$50 billion in 1990 to more than US$260 billion in 2007. With such vast amount of revenue, this could jumpstart the local economy and provides quick capital injection. Furthermore, in the case of having inefficient or corrupted government, the tourism industry can also provide one source of direct earning to the poor people. Therefore, poorer countries should place the development of their tourist industry as their main priority because it would address the problem of insufficient funds and to better caters the basic needs of their own people. Basic needs of people often include food, clothing and medicine. Others are clean water and sanitation, adequate levels of nutrition, access to primary health care and basic education. To achieve all these, the government has to invest in the tourist industry such that it would play as a substantial role in job creation. In addition, good planning is also required of the local government. Good planning will allow poorer countries to benefit from high-value added tourism such as eco-tourism, medical tourism, educational tourism, adventure tourism and creative tourism which is a form of cultural tourism. Private tour guides are also an excellent way to get insight of the country and help the locals to earn an income. A recent trend is dark tourism which is a small niche market driven by varied motivations such as mourning, remembrance or macabre curiosity. The main draw of this is mostly due to their historical value rather than their associations with death and suffering. An example will be Cambodia which combines cultural and dark tourism in places like Angkor Wat and Tuol Sleng War musemum. Thus, with such planning and vast diversity of tourism, the locals will definitely benefit from them and would be self-sufficient in meeting their own basic needs. However, the environmental impact of the tourism industry on the locals must be considered. Where there is no benefit to offset the negative impact, developing the tourism industry may be just a raw deal. Hotels, discos, greater air, land, noise pollution and urban congestion would upset the tranquility of the area. Tourism can also lead to the creation of unsightly human structures that do not fit in the local architecture and would lead to the disturbance of the wildlife habitat which accompanies with the loss of biodiversity of plants and animals. Some tourism destinations may become victims of shifting taste. In this context, the excessive building and environment destruction are often associated to the traditional â€Å"sun and beach† tourism which may contribute to a destination’s saturation and its subsequent decline. Such example would be Spain’s Costa Brava. To counter to this problem, the local government of the poorer country needs to practice careful urban planning and introduce new laws and enforcement. Instead of the creation of infrastructure that do not fit into the local community, the government could consider building something that has the local colours as it may have a greater effect in attracting tourists to visit them. By doing so, it would reduce the chances of the traditional â€Å"sun and beach† tourism. In addition, the implementation of laws and enforcement would tackle the local greenery issues as this could reduce the impact on wildlife and plants. Therefore, only with these accompanying solutions, the problem can be reduced to the minimum and would prevent huge financial loss. In all, poorer countries should develop their tourist industry as it would provide them with an alternative source of financial income. This would also assist in the economic development as it brings in the much needed foreign currency which would benefit the locals as their basic needs could then be met.

The Pursuit Of Happiness in A Raisin in the Sun Essay -- A Raisin in th

Throughout Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, we see the positive and negative effects of chasing the American Dream. Hansberry expresses her different views on the American Dream through the characters and she portrays the daily struggles of a 1950 black family throughout A Raisin in the Sun. In this play, she is able to effectively show the big impact that even small decisions can make on a family. Hansberry shows the many different attachments that come with the fulfillment of this American Dream. Throughout A Raisin in the Sun, each family member has their own pursuit of happiness, which is accompanied by their American Dream. In the play, Mama has her own American Dream that she chases after, which heavily affects the family’s state of being. Mama has to go through many struggles and much frustration while in pursuit of her American Dream (Bloom 17). Mama says, â€Å"Yes, death done come in this house here†¦.Done come walking in my house. On the lips of my children. You what supposed to be my beginning again. You what supposed to be my harvest† (Hansberry 134). She begins to see the harsh effects of what her American dream has done to her children. Mama goes through trials and tribulations to provide a good lifestyle for her children, but neither of them seem satisfied, they both want to accomplish their dreams and aspirations so badly that it blinds them to the reality of what is really important in life. Mama having to carry such a heavy load on her shoulder by trying to hold the family together deprives her of the happiness she once obtained. Mama seems to be the commanding presence and head of the household. She has moral strength and dignity and this is why she is considered the stronghol... ...as the support of the family as oppose to Walter. Each family member has a dream to improve the family situation; however, all of those dreams are depending on one insurance check which begins to cause trouble and tensions within the family (Bloom 18). However, all these dreams are counting on one insurance check to be funded. Throughout a Raisin in the Sun, Each family member has their own pursuit of happiness, which is accompanied by their American Dream. Mama wants to have a better quality of life for her family. Beneatha aspires to be a successful Doctor and an Independent woman. Walter wants to invest in a liquor store and live in luxury. In A Rasin in the Sun, we see that each character goes through their own struggles and frustrations to accomplish their American Dream, but in the end, they all find their happiness within in each other unified as a family.

% Mgo Determination

Vu Ngo % MgO Determination September 10, 2012 Procedure: Reference to lab manual Data: Mass of Na2EDTA†¢2H2O, g| . 9289| Standardization of EDTA Solution | Trial 1| Trial 2| Final buret reading, EDTA (mL)| 18. 5| 36. 7| Initial buret reading, EDTA(mL)| 0. 5| 18. 5| Determination of % MgO of Unknown Unknown Number | 4J| | Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3| Mass of sample (g)| 0. 2135| 0. 2132| 0. 2139| Final buret reading, EDTA (mL)| 73. 5| 74. 2| 74. 2| Initial buret reading, EDTA(mL)| 0. 5| 0| 0| Measurement of water blank Final buret reading, EDTA(mL)| 14. 5| Initial buret reading, EDTA(mL)| 14. 2| Sample Calculation:Given: Molar mass of Na2EDTA*2H2O, g/mol| 372. 25| Expected M of EDTA solution, mol/L (M)| 0. 01| Concentration of Zn2+, (M)| 0. 0125| 10mL*1L1000mL= 0. 01L C1V1=C2V2 .0125M. 010L)=C2(. 018L) C2=. 0125M*. 0100L. 0180L=. 00694M .00694M+. 0687M2=. 00691M C2=. 00691M. 073=5. 04*10-4mol %MgO=5. 04*10-4mol40. 05. 2135g*100=9. 51% Results: Standardization of EDTA Solution | Trial 1| Trial 2| Volume used, EDTA(mL)| 18. 0| 18. 2| Molarity of EDTA solution, (M)| 0. 00694| 0. 00687| Average Molarity of EDTA solution, (M)| 0. 00691| Determination of % MgO of Unknown | Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3| Volume used, EDTA (mL)| 73. | 74. 2| 74. 2| Mole of Mg2+in sample| 5. 04E-04| 5. 12E-04| 5. 12E-04| % of MgO in sample, %| 9. 52| 9. 69| 9. 66| Average % of MgO in sample, %| 9. 62| Error Analysis: The measurement of the sample in gram, have +/- . 0001g error. The measurement using the the buret have a +/- . 1mL error. These types of measurement error are based on the sensitivity of the instrument, during the measurement. These errors could cause the result to deviate from the actual answer. During the experiment, using titration to find the end point. Because of the end point was unknown, a single drop could determine its end point.There might be an extra drop that caused the data to vary as both parts of the experiment have determined. The first trial of both th e experiment, the number is different, because of the unsure number of drops. Using the result from the first trial, the result of the second trial was more accurate. As proven from the experiment of determination of percent of MgO of the unknown. The sample 2 and sample 3 testing results in similarity that differ from the sample one. The sample used 73. 0 ml of the EDTA solution, while both samples 2 and 3 used 74. 2 ml of EDTA solution.This will cause a tip in the result toward a lower number used to find the end point. This error is not a major factor since it is only of my 1. 2 ml of the actual result. The percent of all three result of MgO is different under 1 percent different. Thus, a very reasonable result in all three of the experiment. Discussion: This experiment is to help us understand the reaction between an anion and the metal cation. It demonstrated the Lewis base understanding of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The goal was achieved through titration of the s ample in multiple trials in order to find its endpoint.The end point was found when the pink coloration, due to EBT was added, turn into a blue/ violet color. This signified its endpoint of the sample. The result is good quality, because of the deviation from the first trial and last trial that was done on the same sample. The result is off by . 2ml in the standardization of EDTA solution. In the second part of the determination of % MgO of the unknown; the first, second, and third sample the percentage displaces is well under 1% difference. The result is worth 99% confident that the result is good quality, because of the consistency of the data.

Key Determinants Liquidity In Malaysian Corporate Bond Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3081 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Corporate bond liquidity seems to be at the center of debate in large developed countries by many scholars, practitioners and authorities as they recognized the importance and the need of liquid bond market and its role in enhancing the markets resilience during the time of financial stress. Due to that, bond market growth often being as an underlying point by those scholars, practitioners and authorities to ensure countries can promise a liquid bond market and help them to become resilient from the financial attack significantly. Even after several initiatives given to boost up the growth of bond market but the lack of bond market liquidity still remains as major obstacle in few countries (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Key Determinants Liquidity In Malaysian Corporate Bond Market Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Looking at a small developing country like Malaysia, the growth of the Malaysian bond can be traced back in 1970s, when the government started issuing bonds to meet the massive funding needed to boost up the countrys development. It is a crystal clear of how in 1980s, a corporate sector was heavily reliant on finance from banks as main source of funding. However, a great financial crisis in 1997 has given a major lesson not to really relying with only one source. Thus, it has led to an aggressive intention given to Malaysian bond market when corporate sector is now giving an aggressive initiative in increasing the Malaysian bond issuance as another source of funding. In a mean time, initiatives from the authorities also help the continuation of grow for Malaysian bond market. The initiative can be deeply felt when Securities Commission was established in March 1993 that act as a single regulatory body to promote the development of capital market. Prior to the establishment of S ecurities Commission, a set of guidelines for private debt securities also introduced. Other authorities introduced are known as the Rating Agency Malaysia Berhad (RAM) and Malaysian Rating Corporation Berhad (MARC) in 1990 and 1995 respectively that mainly aim at providing independent opinions for potential risk of debt issuers. In addition, the establishment of Bond Dealers Association in 1996 to promote bond market has shown another initiative taken to enhance the development of Malaysian bond market. In 1997, the introduction of Bond Information and Dissemination System (BIDS) that replaced to Electronic Trading Platform (ETP) has mainly functions to facilitate efficient trading and promote transparency of information related to domestic debt securities. Those establishments are fundamentally aimed at helping the development and liquidity of Malaysian bond market. Reviewing back at those establishments and initiatives, there is no surprise to see a tremendous growth of bon d market in Malaysia but a lack of market liquidity (Shimizu, 2008) still continuously being at top of the topic interest. Therefore, for that reason, there are purposes of aggressively highlighting this issue to promote sufficient liquidity in bond market and help one country to be resilient from financial attack. Briefly, corporate bond liquidity often measured by volume of trading, trade frequency and turnover ratio (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull 2005, Bao 2009 and Mahanti et. al 2008). Samples of few other studies indicate that corporate bond liquidity had mainly connected with the spread of bid-ask. As emphasized by Chan et al, 2007, they have measured liquidity using volume of corporate bond traded and bid ask spread and briefly, they suggested that the higher the volume of trading and the spread of bid ask, the liquid the bond will be. Therefore for the purpose of this study, it intends to look on the determinants that might possibly affect the liquidity of bond market as it will draw upon the result of this analysis to find ways to improve liquidity and in mean time open up gate for government to set up actions and recommendation to ensure that the liquidity market can be achieved. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Though, massive initiatives generated by the Malaysian government with several rules regulated, studies of corporate bond liquidity often centered in US market and other developed countries only (Chan et al, 2007). This phenomenon is seen as rare to be extensionally studied in small developing countries like Malaysia. Therefore, this study seeks to fill the gap of previous unexploited data and limitation and yet it aims to transfer our focus to thoroughly understand and examine the pattern of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia and mean while investigate key determinants that might be possibly affect the liquidity of our corporate bond issuance. In a mean time, despite intensive initiatives given by government in promoting an infinite development of bond market, low liquidity in Malaysian bond market still be a serious problem and must be improved (Shimizu, 2008). He added that under the active easing of regulation, bond market have been growing continuously but surprised to se e that the liquidity level is low. His argument has supported by the facts as shown below. Chart 1: Trading volume for Malaysian corporate bond. Source: (Asian Bond Online, 2010) If zoom in at one of the said measurements of corporate bond liquidity which is trading volume, it is clear (chart 1) where trading volume for corporate bond has shown a steady declining pattern since last June 2004 until December 2009. Closely zoom at the graph will show us that Malaysian corporate bond reached USD14.93 billion of trading volume in June 2004 but later it has experienced a steady drop to USD3.26 billion of trading volume in March 2009. Only a few months later it has recorded slight increase in trading by USD 4.33 billion in last December (Asian Bond Online, 2010). As Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 and Chan et al, 2007 suggested that trading volume of corporate bond issuing plays a positive correlation in determining the liquidity of corporate bond; obviously based on the st atistic given, it could safely write down here that our corporate bond market is getting illiquid. Perhaps, there may be some arguments and factors could be placed in to describe this situation of less volume of trading corporate bond traded in Malaysian bond market which this can be thoroughly studied. Chart 2: Bid Ask spread for Malaysian corporate bond. Source: (Asian Bond Online, 2010) As explained at the previous, bid Ask spread is said as another measure used to estimate the liquidity of corporate bond and it is suggested that if the spread of bid ask is getting larger, it shows that the liquidity is going to be higher (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005). Based on the chart (chart 2), it is a crystal clear that the liquidity of corporate bond is getting illiquid starting from 2004 to 2009. A study by Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005, indicates that lack of liquidity has made investors reluctant to trade bonds actively, with a large number of market players pre fers holding government bonds to maturity instead of buying and selling it out actively. Therefore, this could be another point to develop a study to see factors that could possibly affect the liquidity of Malaysian corporate bond issuance. Despite proposing current trend of trading volume and bid ask spread of Malaysian corporate bond, many several important points could be noted down to explain why Malaysian bond market is important to be studied. There are several interesting points could be highlighted as described by Chan et al, 2007. First, though Malaysian bond market is said as small but it diverse with the capitalization of the ringgit corporate bond market was only $60 billion at end of 2006. Chan et al, 2007 added that often one bond market will be more liquid with the help of its sophisticated infrastructure and how fast is the growth and development on that market. In terms of the heterogeneity of instruments and sophisticated instruments, Malaysia seems to be at top compare with other small developing countries and some of the develop countries. This makes Malaysia as a significant test case to examine whether those play significant roles in determining the liquidity of Malaysian bond market by studying its key determinants. Next, two corporate bond market exists in Malaysia; Islamic and conventional instrument. Liquidity tends to concentrate in certain instruments and therefore such market fragmentation can have a detrimental impact on liquidity. At the same time, the growth of the Islamic bond market has the potential to increase the diversity of the investor base and thereby boost trading activity (Chan et al, 2007) and it is unclear which development will dominate. Due to that, it is relevant to understand the liquidity of corporate bond market specifically aim at Malaysia bond market. Therefore, this study is interested in to find out as to whether the shopisticated instruments and massive initiatives generated by Malaysian gover nment determine the liquidity of corporate bond and mean time investigate several key determinants that could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.2.1 To examine factors that could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia 1.2.2 To determine the key determinants of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia. 1.2.3 To explore the reasons of limited use of corporate bond in Malaysia. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This research is conducted with the aim to answer the research questions as follows: 1.3.1 What are the factors affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia? 1.3.2 What are the key determinants of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia? 1.3.3 What are the reasons of the limited used of corporate bond in Malaysia? SCOPE OF STUDY This study attempts to analyze factors that determine the liquidity in corporate bond in Malaysia. This study intends to use the last five years period which starts from 2005 to 2009 to figure out factors which could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia for the said period. Basically, this study will center its focus only for these recent years as it is seen as could possibly help to understand better if macroeconomic event says global mortgage crisis in 2008 plays its impact in disturbing the liquidity of corporate bond specifically at Malaysian market. Four variables will be employed to conduct to study namely corporate bond liquidity, issuance size, risk and stock market performance. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY By carrying out this study, it is hoped that the researcher could come to understand what factors could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia and how it affect the liquidity of this corporate bond. This paper also hopes to thoroughly study the trend of corporate bond liquidity in these recent five years. These anticipated findings could help the relevant bodies specifically to corporations and authorities to further understand the key determinants that could give an impact to the corporate bond liquidity as it important to be revealed for the purpose of setting up initiatives to ensure that the development and liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia is always in line. The paper also considers what policy actions the government and central bank can take to ensure that these key determinants are achieved, providing recommendations for the authorities role in creating an environment which best facilitates a liquid in bond market. It is seem to be significan t to corporations as they are the main players that can generate liquidity in bond market with their active trade. At the same time, from that understanding they could take appropriate measures in encouraging more trading in debt securities as it has proved as another source of funding which helps many countries to be resilience during the time of financial stress. (Corporations) The other minor benefits could potentially exist is from the literatures and secondary data gathered by this study could also help the related parties specifically future researchers as source of information and reference relating to the issue studied. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Since last couple of decades, corporate bond is seen as an alternative source of financing and even in Malaysia; corporate bond financing has become as important as bank lending (Shimizu, 2008). Fundamentally, corporate bond can be interchangeably known as private debt securities (PDB) and initially are issued by private and public corporations that mainly aim at raising funds for multiple types of purposes (Mahanti et.al, 2008). Even in Malaysia, corporations have turned their attention towards the bond market as a viable alternative to bank borrowings and the equity market for the reason of business expansion and financial stability for the country significantly. This is where corporate bond market registered an annual growth of 8% since year 2000 and has reached the size of RM 209.7 billion as at early July 2007 (Bond Hub, 2010). As discussed earlier, despite experiencing tremendous efforts that has been put in by government to ensure infinite growth in bond market, bond mark et liquidity still being at the center of focus. This has been proved by a great deal of literature on why bond market liquidity is important and on the various determinants of liquidity (Mahanti et.al, 2008 and Shimizu, 2008). Basically, bond liquidity is said as subjective according to how we measure the liquidity level of it (Houweling et. al, 2005). The definition of liquidity is depending on what measure every different people use on it as added by them. One common measure that often will be used to indicate the level of bond liquidity is bid ask spread. This is shown when Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 have used bid ask spread to identifies and analyzes the key of liquidity in the Thai bond market. As what have been quoted by Edward et.al, 2007 as cited by Bao et. Al, 2009.. .. A simple measure of corporate bond liquidity is the effective bid-ask spread and the bid ask spread is seen as direct and an important indicator of bond liquidity.. Despite using the bi d ask spread, trading volume also has widely used by researchers. According to Chan et al, 2007, trading volume is suggested as closely related to depth of the market. In addition, as what concluded by Committee on the Global Financial System as excerpted by Chan et al, 2007.. ..Liquidity has at least three dimensions; tightness, depth and resiliency. Tightness refers to trading cost, specifically how far transaction prices diverge from the mid market price. While depth refers to the volume of trades and resiliency refers to the speed.. As suggested by Chako Mahanti 2005, trading volume and bid ask spread are known as conventional measure of liquidity and have been widely used by many practitioners. They then suggested a new measure of bond liquidity which does not use transactional information; instead it uses information about the ownership of securities to measure the accessibility of security by a security dealer. This is called as latent liquidity. In other review, it is said that bond market liquidity may be reduced due to the lack of new bonds issued or in other words a lack of trading volume (Nielsan et. al, 2009). This is why some countries have required minimums for issuing bond because there are corporations which prefer to generate income through sources outside the bond market due to this lack as concluded by them. After several reviews has been made, variety of factors identified as determinants of bond liquidity. In a paper completed by Mahanti et.al 2008, they have investigated bond liquidity by connecting it with credit rating, issue size, age, original maturity value at issue date and optionally such callability, putability or convertibility. As a result, they found that all have a strong impact on bond liquidity. Similarly, Chan et al, 2007 suggested that liquidity is commonly perceived to be positively correlated with the size of bond. The rational is that the supply potentially available for trading is greater for larger issues. In addition, a negative correlation is reported between liquidity and the riskiness of bond. This risk is known as a liquidity risk which can be proxied by using maturity and the credit quality of a bond can be captured using agencies of credit rating (Chan et. al, 2007). They do suggested market condition as one of the determinants that plays a role in determining bond liquidity. As again quoted by Chan et. al, 2007, they suggested that macroeconomic or financial conditions might lead to reduce their risk exposure, hence resulting in a deterioration in market liquidity. In their paper, they have taken stock index as determinant using daily indices. In addition to the above point, as what have been quoted by Bario (2000) as cited Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005.. ..Macroeconomic factors may also play a role in determining market liquidity. However, points out that the factors determining liquidity or the degree significant can differ substantially during of market stres s.. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODLOGY Research Design The study is relying on the secondary data and will be conducted by utilizing models and theories which adopted from previous studies. First, to examine the level of corporate bond liquidity, a standard approach will be employed. This model which is known as basic least square equation is adopted from a study done by Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005. Briefly, this model indicates that the liquidity is measured by utilizing daily bid ask spread, trading volume and yield volatility for corporate bond. An equation is shown as below: (Adopted from Panyanukul and Chabchitrchaidol, 2005) Once desired data are completely gathered and computed, it will then be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program. SPSS were chosen since it contains the tool for performing statistical analyses and provide comprehensive method for describing and tabulating on data for hypothesis testing and for multiple regression and correlation. Theoretical Framework Issuance size Risk Corporate Bond Liquidity Kuala Lumpur Composite Index Independent Variables Dependent Variable Variable Proxy Corporate bond liquidity Trading volume, Bid ask spread Yield Volatility (Adapted from Chan et al, 2007, Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 by Bao et. A, 2009) Issuance size Size of bond issued (Adapted from Mahanti et.al 2008 and Chan et. al, 2007) Risk Credit rating (Adapted from Chan et. al, 2007) Kuala Lumpur composite index FKLI (Adapted from Chan et. al, 2007) 3.3 Data Collection Method Secondary Data This study will be much relying on the internal and external secondary data. As most of the data needed are published in the data based, it is hoped that it can help the researcher to run the analysis to answer those research questions. Initially, the internal data will be gathered from several medium identified namely Electronic Trading Platforms (ETP) which formerly known as Bond Information and dissemination System (BIDS), Bursa Malaysia, Asian Bond Online and other related data based. The data will be employed is a weekly observation data on bid ask spread , trading volume , FBM KLCI, size of bond issued and other related data. Briefly, the data based provides researcher with some desired data related to bond trading. Once data collection process is done and computation is done by employing previous applied measure, it will be analyzed using regression to see the significant correlation that could potentially exist between variables as described earlier. An external secondary data will be retrieved from articles, journal, reports, newspaper and other possible sources.