The Pursuit Of Happiness in A Raisin in the Sun Essay -- A Raisin in th

Throughout Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, we see the positive and negative effects of chasing the American Dream. Hansberry expresses her different views on the American Dream through the characters and she portrays the daily struggles of a 1950 black family throughout A Raisin in the Sun. In this play, she is able to effectively show the big impact that even small decisions can make on a family. Hansberry shows the many different attachments that come with the fulfillment of this American Dream. Throughout A Raisin in the Sun, each family member has their own pursuit of happiness, which is accompanied by their American Dream. In the play, Mama has her own American Dream that she chases after, which heavily affects the family’s state of being. Mama has to go through many struggles and much frustration while in pursuit of her American Dream (Bloom 17). Mama says, â€Å"Yes, death done come in this house here†¦.Done come walking in my house. On the lips of my children. You what supposed to be my beginning again. You what supposed to be my harvest† (Hansberry 134). She begins to see the harsh effects of what her American dream has done to her children. Mama goes through trials and tribulations to provide a good lifestyle for her children, but neither of them seem satisfied, they both want to accomplish their dreams and aspirations so badly that it blinds them to the reality of what is really important in life. Mama having to carry such a heavy load on her shoulder by trying to hold the family together deprives her of the happiness she once obtained. Mama seems to be the commanding presence and head of the household. She has moral strength and dignity and this is why she is considered the stronghol... ...as the support of the family as oppose to Walter. Each family member has a dream to improve the family situation; however, all of those dreams are depending on one insurance check which begins to cause trouble and tensions within the family (Bloom 18). However, all these dreams are counting on one insurance check to be funded. Throughout a Raisin in the Sun, Each family member has their own pursuit of happiness, which is accompanied by their American Dream. Mama wants to have a better quality of life for her family. Beneatha aspires to be a successful Doctor and an Independent woman. Walter wants to invest in a liquor store and live in luxury. In A Rasin in the Sun, we see that each character goes through their own struggles and frustrations to accomplish their American Dream, but in the end, they all find their happiness within in each other unified as a family.

% Mgo Determination

Vu Ngo % MgO Determination September 10, 2012 Procedure: Reference to lab manual Data: Mass of Na2EDTA†¢2H2O, g| . 9289| Standardization of EDTA Solution | Trial 1| Trial 2| Final buret reading, EDTA (mL)| 18. 5| 36. 7| Initial buret reading, EDTA(mL)| 0. 5| 18. 5| Determination of % MgO of Unknown Unknown Number | 4J| | Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3| Mass of sample (g)| 0. 2135| 0. 2132| 0. 2139| Final buret reading, EDTA (mL)| 73. 5| 74. 2| 74. 2| Initial buret reading, EDTA(mL)| 0. 5| 0| 0| Measurement of water blank Final buret reading, EDTA(mL)| 14. 5| Initial buret reading, EDTA(mL)| 14. 2| Sample Calculation:Given: Molar mass of Na2EDTA*2H2O, g/mol| 372. 25| Expected M of EDTA solution, mol/L (M)| 0. 01| Concentration of Zn2+, (M)| 0. 0125| 10mL*1L1000mL= 0. 01L C1V1=C2V2 .0125M. 010L)=C2(. 018L) C2=. 0125M*. 0100L. 0180L=. 00694M .00694M+. 0687M2=. 00691M C2=. 00691M. 073=5. 04*10-4mol %MgO=5. 04*10-4mol40. 05. 2135g*100=9. 51% Results: Standardization of EDTA Solution | Trial 1| Trial 2| Volume used, EDTA(mL)| 18. 0| 18. 2| Molarity of EDTA solution, (M)| 0. 00694| 0. 00687| Average Molarity of EDTA solution, (M)| 0. 00691| Determination of % MgO of Unknown | Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3| Volume used, EDTA (mL)| 73. | 74. 2| 74. 2| Mole of Mg2+in sample| 5. 04E-04| 5. 12E-04| 5. 12E-04| % of MgO in sample, %| 9. 52| 9. 69| 9. 66| Average % of MgO in sample, %| 9. 62| Error Analysis: The measurement of the sample in gram, have +/- . 0001g error. The measurement using the the buret have a +/- . 1mL error. These types of measurement error are based on the sensitivity of the instrument, during the measurement. These errors could cause the result to deviate from the actual answer. During the experiment, using titration to find the end point. Because of the end point was unknown, a single drop could determine its end point.There might be an extra drop that caused the data to vary as both parts of the experiment have determined. The first trial of both th e experiment, the number is different, because of the unsure number of drops. Using the result from the first trial, the result of the second trial was more accurate. As proven from the experiment of determination of percent of MgO of the unknown. The sample 2 and sample 3 testing results in similarity that differ from the sample one. The sample used 73. 0 ml of the EDTA solution, while both samples 2 and 3 used 74. 2 ml of EDTA solution.This will cause a tip in the result toward a lower number used to find the end point. This error is not a major factor since it is only of my 1. 2 ml of the actual result. The percent of all three result of MgO is different under 1 percent different. Thus, a very reasonable result in all three of the experiment. Discussion: This experiment is to help us understand the reaction between an anion and the metal cation. It demonstrated the Lewis base understanding of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The goal was achieved through titration of the s ample in multiple trials in order to find its endpoint.The end point was found when the pink coloration, due to EBT was added, turn into a blue/ violet color. This signified its endpoint of the sample. The result is good quality, because of the deviation from the first trial and last trial that was done on the same sample. The result is off by . 2ml in the standardization of EDTA solution. In the second part of the determination of % MgO of the unknown; the first, second, and third sample the percentage displaces is well under 1% difference. The result is worth 99% confident that the result is good quality, because of the consistency of the data.

Key Determinants Liquidity In Malaysian Corporate Bond Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3081 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Corporate bond liquidity seems to be at the center of debate in large developed countries by many scholars, practitioners and authorities as they recognized the importance and the need of liquid bond market and its role in enhancing the markets resilience during the time of financial stress. Due to that, bond market growth often being as an underlying point by those scholars, practitioners and authorities to ensure countries can promise a liquid bond market and help them to become resilient from the financial attack significantly. Even after several initiatives given to boost up the growth of bond market but the lack of bond market liquidity still remains as major obstacle in few countries (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Key Determinants Liquidity In Malaysian Corporate Bond Market Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Looking at a small developing country like Malaysia, the growth of the Malaysian bond can be traced back in 1970s, when the government started issuing bonds to meet the massive funding needed to boost up the countrys development. It is a crystal clear of how in 1980s, a corporate sector was heavily reliant on finance from banks as main source of funding. However, a great financial crisis in 1997 has given a major lesson not to really relying with only one source. Thus, it has led to an aggressive intention given to Malaysian bond market when corporate sector is now giving an aggressive initiative in increasing the Malaysian bond issuance as another source of funding. In a mean time, initiatives from the authorities also help the continuation of grow for Malaysian bond market. The initiative can be deeply felt when Securities Commission was established in March 1993 that act as a single regulatory body to promote the development of capital market. Prior to the establishment of S ecurities Commission, a set of guidelines for private debt securities also introduced. Other authorities introduced are known as the Rating Agency Malaysia Berhad (RAM) and Malaysian Rating Corporation Berhad (MARC) in 1990 and 1995 respectively that mainly aim at providing independent opinions for potential risk of debt issuers. In addition, the establishment of Bond Dealers Association in 1996 to promote bond market has shown another initiative taken to enhance the development of Malaysian bond market. In 1997, the introduction of Bond Information and Dissemination System (BIDS) that replaced to Electronic Trading Platform (ETP) has mainly functions to facilitate efficient trading and promote transparency of information related to domestic debt securities. Those establishments are fundamentally aimed at helping the development and liquidity of Malaysian bond market. Reviewing back at those establishments and initiatives, there is no surprise to see a tremendous growth of bon d market in Malaysia but a lack of market liquidity (Shimizu, 2008) still continuously being at top of the topic interest. Therefore, for that reason, there are purposes of aggressively highlighting this issue to promote sufficient liquidity in bond market and help one country to be resilient from financial attack. Briefly, corporate bond liquidity often measured by volume of trading, trade frequency and turnover ratio (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull 2005, Bao 2009 and Mahanti et. al 2008). Samples of few other studies indicate that corporate bond liquidity had mainly connected with the spread of bid-ask. As emphasized by Chan et al, 2007, they have measured liquidity using volume of corporate bond traded and bid ask spread and briefly, they suggested that the higher the volume of trading and the spread of bid ask, the liquid the bond will be. Therefore for the purpose of this study, it intends to look on the determinants that might possibly affect the liquidity of bond market as it will draw upon the result of this analysis to find ways to improve liquidity and in mean time open up gate for government to set up actions and recommendation to ensure that the liquidity market can be achieved. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Though, massive initiatives generated by the Malaysian government with several rules regulated, studies of corporate bond liquidity often centered in US market and other developed countries only (Chan et al, 2007). This phenomenon is seen as rare to be extensionally studied in small developing countries like Malaysia. Therefore, this study seeks to fill the gap of previous unexploited data and limitation and yet it aims to transfer our focus to thoroughly understand and examine the pattern of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia and mean while investigate key determinants that might be possibly affect the liquidity of our corporate bond issuance. In a mean time, despite intensive initiatives given by government in promoting an infinite development of bond market, low liquidity in Malaysian bond market still be a serious problem and must be improved (Shimizu, 2008). He added that under the active easing of regulation, bond market have been growing continuously but surprised to se e that the liquidity level is low. His argument has supported by the facts as shown below. Chart 1: Trading volume for Malaysian corporate bond. Source: (Asian Bond Online, 2010) If zoom in at one of the said measurements of corporate bond liquidity which is trading volume, it is clear (chart 1) where trading volume for corporate bond has shown a steady declining pattern since last June 2004 until December 2009. Closely zoom at the graph will show us that Malaysian corporate bond reached USD14.93 billion of trading volume in June 2004 but later it has experienced a steady drop to USD3.26 billion of trading volume in March 2009. Only a few months later it has recorded slight increase in trading by USD 4.33 billion in last December (Asian Bond Online, 2010). As Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 and Chan et al, 2007 suggested that trading volume of corporate bond issuing plays a positive correlation in determining the liquidity of corporate bond; obviously based on the st atistic given, it could safely write down here that our corporate bond market is getting illiquid. Perhaps, there may be some arguments and factors could be placed in to describe this situation of less volume of trading corporate bond traded in Malaysian bond market which this can be thoroughly studied. Chart 2: Bid Ask spread for Malaysian corporate bond. Source: (Asian Bond Online, 2010) As explained at the previous, bid Ask spread is said as another measure used to estimate the liquidity of corporate bond and it is suggested that if the spread of bid ask is getting larger, it shows that the liquidity is going to be higher (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005). Based on the chart (chart 2), it is a crystal clear that the liquidity of corporate bond is getting illiquid starting from 2004 to 2009. A study by Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005, indicates that lack of liquidity has made investors reluctant to trade bonds actively, with a large number of market players pre fers holding government bonds to maturity instead of buying and selling it out actively. Therefore, this could be another point to develop a study to see factors that could possibly affect the liquidity of Malaysian corporate bond issuance. Despite proposing current trend of trading volume and bid ask spread of Malaysian corporate bond, many several important points could be noted down to explain why Malaysian bond market is important to be studied. There are several interesting points could be highlighted as described by Chan et al, 2007. First, though Malaysian bond market is said as small but it diverse with the capitalization of the ringgit corporate bond market was only $60 billion at end of 2006. Chan et al, 2007 added that often one bond market will be more liquid with the help of its sophisticated infrastructure and how fast is the growth and development on that market. In terms of the heterogeneity of instruments and sophisticated instruments, Malaysia seems to be at top compare with other small developing countries and some of the develop countries. This makes Malaysia as a significant test case to examine whether those play significant roles in determining the liquidity of Malaysian bond market by studying its key determinants. Next, two corporate bond market exists in Malaysia; Islamic and conventional instrument. Liquidity tends to concentrate in certain instruments and therefore such market fragmentation can have a detrimental impact on liquidity. At the same time, the growth of the Islamic bond market has the potential to increase the diversity of the investor base and thereby boost trading activity (Chan et al, 2007) and it is unclear which development will dominate. Due to that, it is relevant to understand the liquidity of corporate bond market specifically aim at Malaysia bond market. Therefore, this study is interested in to find out as to whether the shopisticated instruments and massive initiatives generated by Malaysian gover nment determine the liquidity of corporate bond and mean time investigate several key determinants that could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.2.1 To examine factors that could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia 1.2.2 To determine the key determinants of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia. 1.2.3 To explore the reasons of limited use of corporate bond in Malaysia. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This research is conducted with the aim to answer the research questions as follows: 1.3.1 What are the factors affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia? 1.3.2 What are the key determinants of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia? 1.3.3 What are the reasons of the limited used of corporate bond in Malaysia? SCOPE OF STUDY This study attempts to analyze factors that determine the liquidity in corporate bond in Malaysia. This study intends to use the last five years period which starts from 2005 to 2009 to figure out factors which could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia for the said period. Basically, this study will center its focus only for these recent years as it is seen as could possibly help to understand better if macroeconomic event says global mortgage crisis in 2008 plays its impact in disturbing the liquidity of corporate bond specifically at Malaysian market. Four variables will be employed to conduct to study namely corporate bond liquidity, issuance size, risk and stock market performance. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY By carrying out this study, it is hoped that the researcher could come to understand what factors could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia and how it affect the liquidity of this corporate bond. This paper also hopes to thoroughly study the trend of corporate bond liquidity in these recent five years. These anticipated findings could help the relevant bodies specifically to corporations and authorities to further understand the key determinants that could give an impact to the corporate bond liquidity as it important to be revealed for the purpose of setting up initiatives to ensure that the development and liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia is always in line. The paper also considers what policy actions the government and central bank can take to ensure that these key determinants are achieved, providing recommendations for the authorities role in creating an environment which best facilitates a liquid in bond market. It is seem to be significan t to corporations as they are the main players that can generate liquidity in bond market with their active trade. At the same time, from that understanding they could take appropriate measures in encouraging more trading in debt securities as it has proved as another source of funding which helps many countries to be resilience during the time of financial stress. (Corporations) The other minor benefits could potentially exist is from the literatures and secondary data gathered by this study could also help the related parties specifically future researchers as source of information and reference relating to the issue studied. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Since last couple of decades, corporate bond is seen as an alternative source of financing and even in Malaysia; corporate bond financing has become as important as bank lending (Shimizu, 2008). Fundamentally, corporate bond can be interchangeably known as private debt securities (PDB) and initially are issued by private and public corporations that mainly aim at raising funds for multiple types of purposes (Mahanti et.al, 2008). Even in Malaysia, corporations have turned their attention towards the bond market as a viable alternative to bank borrowings and the equity market for the reason of business expansion and financial stability for the country significantly. This is where corporate bond market registered an annual growth of 8% since year 2000 and has reached the size of RM 209.7 billion as at early July 2007 (Bond Hub, 2010). As discussed earlier, despite experiencing tremendous efforts that has been put in by government to ensure infinite growth in bond market, bond mark et liquidity still being at the center of focus. This has been proved by a great deal of literature on why bond market liquidity is important and on the various determinants of liquidity (Mahanti et.al, 2008 and Shimizu, 2008). Basically, bond liquidity is said as subjective according to how we measure the liquidity level of it (Houweling et. al, 2005). The definition of liquidity is depending on what measure every different people use on it as added by them. One common measure that often will be used to indicate the level of bond liquidity is bid ask spread. This is shown when Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 have used bid ask spread to identifies and analyzes the key of liquidity in the Thai bond market. As what have been quoted by Edward et.al, 2007 as cited by Bao et. Al, 2009.. .. A simple measure of corporate bond liquidity is the effective bid-ask spread and the bid ask spread is seen as direct and an important indicator of bond liquidity.. Despite using the bi d ask spread, trading volume also has widely used by researchers. According to Chan et al, 2007, trading volume is suggested as closely related to depth of the market. In addition, as what concluded by Committee on the Global Financial System as excerpted by Chan et al, 2007.. ..Liquidity has at least three dimensions; tightness, depth and resiliency. Tightness refers to trading cost, specifically how far transaction prices diverge from the mid market price. While depth refers to the volume of trades and resiliency refers to the speed.. As suggested by Chako Mahanti 2005, trading volume and bid ask spread are known as conventional measure of liquidity and have been widely used by many practitioners. They then suggested a new measure of bond liquidity which does not use transactional information; instead it uses information about the ownership of securities to measure the accessibility of security by a security dealer. This is called as latent liquidity. In other review, it is said that bond market liquidity may be reduced due to the lack of new bonds issued or in other words a lack of trading volume (Nielsan et. al, 2009). This is why some countries have required minimums for issuing bond because there are corporations which prefer to generate income through sources outside the bond market due to this lack as concluded by them. After several reviews has been made, variety of factors identified as determinants of bond liquidity. In a paper completed by Mahanti et.al 2008, they have investigated bond liquidity by connecting it with credit rating, issue size, age, original maturity value at issue date and optionally such callability, putability or convertibility. As a result, they found that all have a strong impact on bond liquidity. Similarly, Chan et al, 2007 suggested that liquidity is commonly perceived to be positively correlated with the size of bond. The rational is that the supply potentially available for trading is greater for larger issues. In addition, a negative correlation is reported between liquidity and the riskiness of bond. This risk is known as a liquidity risk which can be proxied by using maturity and the credit quality of a bond can be captured using agencies of credit rating (Chan et. al, 2007). They do suggested market condition as one of the determinants that plays a role in determining bond liquidity. As again quoted by Chan et. al, 2007, they suggested that macroeconomic or financial conditions might lead to reduce their risk exposure, hence resulting in a deterioration in market liquidity. In their paper, they have taken stock index as determinant using daily indices. In addition to the above point, as what have been quoted by Bario (2000) as cited Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005.. ..Macroeconomic factors may also play a role in determining market liquidity. However, points out that the factors determining liquidity or the degree significant can differ substantially during of market stres s.. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODLOGY Research Design The study is relying on the secondary data and will be conducted by utilizing models and theories which adopted from previous studies. First, to examine the level of corporate bond liquidity, a standard approach will be employed. This model which is known as basic least square equation is adopted from a study done by Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005. Briefly, this model indicates that the liquidity is measured by utilizing daily bid ask spread, trading volume and yield volatility for corporate bond. An equation is shown as below: (Adopted from Panyanukul and Chabchitrchaidol, 2005) Once desired data are completely gathered and computed, it will then be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program. SPSS were chosen since it contains the tool for performing statistical analyses and provide comprehensive method for describing and tabulating on data for hypothesis testing and for multiple regression and correlation. Theoretical Framework Issuance size Risk Corporate Bond Liquidity Kuala Lumpur Composite Index Independent Variables Dependent Variable Variable Proxy Corporate bond liquidity Trading volume, Bid ask spread Yield Volatility (Adapted from Chan et al, 2007, Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 by Bao et. A, 2009) Issuance size Size of bond issued (Adapted from Mahanti et.al 2008 and Chan et. al, 2007) Risk Credit rating (Adapted from Chan et. al, 2007) Kuala Lumpur composite index FKLI (Adapted from Chan et. al, 2007) 3.3 Data Collection Method Secondary Data This study will be much relying on the internal and external secondary data. As most of the data needed are published in the data based, it is hoped that it can help the researcher to run the analysis to answer those research questions. Initially, the internal data will be gathered from several medium identified namely Electronic Trading Platforms (ETP) which formerly known as Bond Information and dissemination System (BIDS), Bursa Malaysia, Asian Bond Online and other related data based. The data will be employed is a weekly observation data on bid ask spread , trading volume , FBM KLCI, size of bond issued and other related data. Briefly, the data based provides researcher with some desired data related to bond trading. Once data collection process is done and computation is done by employing previous applied measure, it will be analyzed using regression to see the significant correlation that could potentially exist between variables as described earlier. An external secondary data will be retrieved from articles, journal, reports, newspaper and other possible sources.

Sharia Banking Tackle Todays Global Financial Crisis Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5021 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Tags: Banking Essay Did you like this example? Todays global financial crisis has left many wondering where the faults actually lie. Indeed, there are many contributing factors that can be highlighted. However, in a more positive approach, it is argued that Sharia banking covers principle areas that are in almost complete opposition to conventional banking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sharia Banking Tackle Todays Global Financial Crisis Example For Free" essay for you Create order For example, institutions do not pay interest, and they require transactions to be reinforced by real tangible assets. The conventional banking system in place has offered a suitable medium for trade over many years. Countries have prospered with the facilities provided while few have had complaints or criticism of the system. Due to this apparently fluent and dependable system, trade had continued uninhibited until recent times. Prior to the unfolding of the current financial crisis, there was a certain limited amount of speculations regarding whether or not the system would face any hiccups. This was a reasonable conjecture considering the financial crisis that occurred in the 1930s. This was of course limited to the U.S. economy, and was at a time when globalization and international trade had not exist the way it does today. It is interesting to note that there have been alternatives offered to the conventional banking system, which largely consisted of a private banking method, which will be explained later in this paper. As opposed to the private banking method, many scholars began to explore the alternatives, and Islamic or Sharia Banking is one form that was deemed to be interesting enough. Islamic Banking methods seemed to offer a fair amount of safety to users, and it appeared to be a fair and just method for borrowers. Primarily, it is the borrowers rights that need to be safeguarded in this method of banking, as this would be a moral action and it would bring stability to the system. Borrowers would be able to trust the system, and this would only instill confidence in all users of the banking system. Moreover, this system does not agree with intangible assets. There are Quranic quotations and examples that justify this approach, which is actually quite a matter of common sense; probability, chance, etc. are factors that have to be mitigated if reliability is desired. Indeed, this is why every possible measure has been sought in Islamic banking to ensure stability and reliability, which will result in economic prosperity. Aims: To determine: How Sharia banking principles can help to relieve the current economic crisis, and transform the economic system for more reliability. How different Sharia Banking is from Conventional Banking. Advantages Sharia Banking has over Conventional Banking Objectives: To determine: What the fundamental principles of Sharia Banking are. Why Sharia Banking principles are believed to make global financial operations more reliable and concrete in comparison to conventional western banking systems. Whether or Not Sharia Banking concepts can be implemented pervasively in the west. How ripe consumers minds are in terms of being ready to receive Sharia Banking as a new banking concept. Possible obstacles to Sharia Banking What the fundamental principles of Sharia Banking are. Possible obstacles to sharia banking Problem of systems Sharia conservative Western tends to be reckless but which system best. Sharia looks a good model right now but a collapse of the construction industry in the gulf will show weaknesses. Why do now have doubts about commercial banking? Sub- prime US housing market UK banks FACTIVA Look in the Financial Times about Islamic banking Literature Review Why Does the World Need a Banking System? For anything to be related, networked and linked, there needs to be some sort of medium through which operations can be carried out. For example, for the Internet to function effectively with all individuals operating from different locations, cyberspace has to exist. Similarly, for trade to take place effectively there needs to be some sort of facilitation. This facilitation is provided by banks and other financial institutions. However, there needs to be a set of norms and governing rules that allow these institutions to operate smoothly and in a just manner. Indeed, a banking system facilitates business activities. Whether it is limited to a particular region or stretched across the globe, all those who are facilitated by it enjoy the banking system. Indeed, a technologically well supported banking system is vital in this day and age. This is because speed and reliability are both top requirements. Businesses need to act rapidly, especially when transactions are to be made over long distances. As opposed to demand for speed today, yesteryears saw a slower pace of business and there was far less business activity. Therefore, it might be said that while speed and reliability are both required today, the banking system was still a need yesterday. A banking system from the very beginning promised a streamlined approach to business activity. Governing laws brought safety and stability to all those involved in banking facilities. It is unthinkable what man would do for trade in the absence of a banking system. An example that might be cited is Mozambique in East Africa. It was known that people who traveled there on business or for tours had to maintain their foreign currency on them. This is because there no banks to facilitate them. This exposed them to much risk, as thugs are the generally desperate would loot or assail them. However, most parts of the developed and developing world are encompassed by the banking system, which provides them a safe me ans to conduct transactions. What is Private Banking? The term private banking appears to directly suggest that it is a banking system that deals with the private financial affairs of individuals. It also suggests the lack of social responsibility that comes along with it. Private banking means that what an individual does in terms of banking or financial transactions is a private affair as long as it does not violate any laws. Though the idea is fundamentally one in which many individuals can invest their money and receive gains upon it as a whole, the concept of gain at the expense of another still remains. For example, when many individuals invest their money in a private bank, this money is often loaned to individuals or other financial institutions or companies that later have to return it with an additional payment [interest]. Therefore, it can be said that the individuals collectively gain interest by simply accumulating their funds in a private bank at the expense of the borrowers who have to pay interest. Private banking i s known to combine trust services, banking services, investment services, and tax services. Private banking is a term used for encompassing banking, investment and other financial services that are furnished by banks to private individuals who invest in sizable assets. The term private has also been used to refer to the customer service that is given on a personal basis as opposed to mass-market retail banking. This process should not be mixed up with a private bank, as a private bank is itself a non-incorporated banking institution. While private banking was always seen as a very exclusive form of banking that explicitly catered to high net worth individuals who had liquidity exceeding $2 million, it is now possible for an individual to open an investment account with some private banks with as little as $250,000. A private banking division will include a variety of services: inheritance, wealth management, savings, and tax planning. For the affluent a high-level kind of private banking is wealth management (Mullineux Murinde, 2003, 23-25). Basic Tennets of Islamic Banking There are certain principles of Islamic banking that differentiate it from traditional banking. This particularly refers to its functions. Islamic values that are mirrored in Islamic economic principles govern Islamic Finance. These are briefly described below: There is a clear prohibition on Predetermined Payment that Exceeds an Actual Amount Of Principal Is Prohibited: Islam permits only one type of loan, which is called qard-el-hassan. This literally means good loan, and is described as one in which a lender does not levy any extra charge or interest on the principal amount. According to Islamic Financial Principles, a Bank must share The Profits Or Losses that Result From Investment: The interest-based commercial banking system that has immense pressure is on the borrower. In contrast to this, Islamic finance is founded on the idea that the depositor, the bank as well as the borrower must shoulder the risks and the rewards that result from financing business ventures. Generating Money Directly From Money is Not Acceptable: According to Islamic teachings, money stands for purchasing power. It should not be made use for reinforcing purchasing power (money). If it is used for this purpose, there must be an intermediate step in which it should be used for purchasing goods and services (Maurer, 2005, 41-73). Uncertainty, Risk Or Speculation, Which is Also Known as Gharar is Strictly Prohibited: Parties that are included in a contract should possess all required knowledge of the counter values that will be exchanged in the process of transactions. They should also be protected from uncertainty, risk and speculation. No party in a contract is allowed to predetermine a guaranteed profit, which is founded on the tenet of uncertain gains. Uncertain gains does not permit an agreement in which the customer might repay the borrowed principal with an additional amount for inflation protection (Maurer, 2005, 41-73) Investments are Intended to Support Prac tices Or Products Only That Are Not Prohibited or Discouraged By Islam: An Islamic Bank would not finance trade in alcohol. Also, real-estate  finance cannot be furnished for erecting a casino. Additionally, banks cannot lend money to other banks  with an interest levied. The above principles are the complete opposite of what has been practiced in conventional banking. For example, the borrowing against assets that are not tangible, which has proved to be a flawed concept that has led to much of the global economic crisis. Basic Description of Sharia Banking [Islamic Banking] The basic difference between Islamic and traditional banking systems is the system of deposits followed. In an Islamic Banking system, deposits are deemed as shares. These deposits or shares do not promise nominal value (Mullineux Murinde, 2003, 23-25). While it may be said that In Islamic finance, interest is forbidden, there are very good reasons why this is so. Interest is prohibited because of its effect. One needs to understand this effect in order to value the Islamic finance conventional finance. Interest by far benefits one party in a contract more than another. It is known to put one party at a clear advantage over another or others. In a contract where interest is implemented, a party is guaranteed its principal sum returned along with a significant benefit over others. Umar Chapra, the author of Towards a Just Monetary System asserts that from the Quran and the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, guides Muslims and helps them to understand what is fair and unfair, par ticularly when it comes to their earnings earnings. Chapra says, One of the important sources of unjustified earnings is receiving any monetary advantage in a business transaction without giving a just countervalue. To put it simply, Islamic finance is a fair system in contrast to conventional finance. It is Islamic finance aims at getting rid of unfair or exploitative financial situations, products or services. This does not only apply to loan transaction, but also to other situations that might be unfair or exploitative in the financial world. The result of this straightforward aim is asset-based financial products that suffice as a just countervalue for all parties involved. In An Introduction to Islamic Finance, Taqi Usmani describes asset-backed financing; it is financing that creates real assets. These can then be sold in exchange for money. As a result, it consequently earns a justified profit. This is indeed different from the concept in the conventional systems that g enerate money out of money (interest). In Islamic finance, there must be an asset that creates the profit, and not money alone. The formula that is prohibited in Islamic Finance is as follows: Money + Interest = More Money. As opposed to this, the formula that should be applied is as follows: Money + Asset/Real factor of production = More money. Islamic banking has more to it than traditional banking as its products must adhere to secular laws as well as the holy Quran. This means that it must be suited to all countries in order to makeup a complete system that can be operated globally. One of the main laws of Shariah is riba, the prohibition of interest. Also, Islamic law prohibits the use of funds for investment or purchase that may be related to pratices that it deems impermissible (haram). Alcohol consumption and gambling stand as examples. As a general rule, anything that is not defined as haram can be considered permissible (halal) under Shariah law. It, however, must be asserted that Shariah interpretations can vary according to regions where it is implemented fundamentally due to local Islamic scholars defining what is fit for particular regions. Banks that wish to offer Islamic Banking must enlist local scholars who will serve on the banks Shariah board or committee. These scholars aid the bank in designing and implementing Shariah-compliant bank products and processes. Large conventional banks are known to now also develop specialized functions that aim to educate employees about adherence to Islamic finance principles. The Concept of Musharakah: The bans against interest are founded on the Islamic idea of property that is caused by a persons creative labor or from trade or property. Interest on money loaned is encompassed within neither of these two concepts and is thus not justified (Mullineux Murinde, 2003, 23-25). To resolve this problem from a legal and religious viewpoint, Islamic banking implements common terms: musharakah or co-operation for production; mudharabah or as one might put it, a silent partnership, when one party supplies the capital, the other the labor; and murabbahah or deferred/post payment on purchases, similar in practice to an bill of exchange and the most preferable Islamic banking agreement in Sudan. To decide the ban on interest, an interest-bearing overdraft would be transformed to a murabbahah contract. Similar Operations But Different Methods in Islamic and Traditional Banking: A great deal of Islamic banking literature says that although Islamic banks carry out mostly similar functions to that of traditional banks, their method is clearly different (Ahmad, 2000; Chapra, 2000; Iqbal and Molyneux, 2005; Iqbal and Mirakhor, 2007). To demonstrate some of the most important characteristics of Islamic banking and finance which makes it different and unique from its traditional counterparts encompass: first, Islamic banking aims at a just and fair society as dreamed of Islamic economics (Mirakhor, 2000; Warde, 2000). In accordance with this, the many restrictions (e.g. interest, gambling, undue risks, etc.) are to serve a flat playing grand to defend the interests and advantages of all participants included in market exchanges and to elevate social harmony (Ahmad, 2000; Chapra, 2000). For example, the current tradition of interest in the traditional banking system includes inequality to the borrowers since the interest on their loans must be paid regardless of the results of their business. In the same way, interest-bearing agreements can be unfair to the lenders particularly when their returns on deposits, which have been fed back by the banks to the investors, do not commence with the actual performance of the investment (Lewis and Algaud, 2001; Iqbal and Molyneux, 2005). Second, Islamic banking is setup upon the rule of brotherhood and co-operation, which symbolizes for a system of justice sharing, risk distribution and stake holding. It encourages such sharing and co-operation between the giver of funds (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur) (Iqbal and Molyneux, 2005). Third, as a system founded on ethics and morals of the Islamic law of Shariah, Islamic banking is also embodied by ethical norms and mores and social obligations (Ahmad, 2000; Mirakhor, 2000; Warde, 2000). There is a moral monitoring mechanism based on the descriptions of Halal (permissible) and Haram (prohibited and undesirable) functioning at various le vels, holding the conscience of entrepreneur and firm, favouring a positive social climate for society, and giving a convenient and practical legal framework (Chapra, 1992). In accordance with this, Islamic banks can hardly financially support any project which contradicts the moral value system of Islam. For example, financing a brewery factory, a night club, a casino or other similar kinds of activities are banned by Islam or known to be harmful to society (Ahmad, 2000). How Competitive is Islamic Banking Especially in present Era? Within the Middle East regional participants in the Islamic banking industry have rendered inspiring financial outcomes. These banks have acted well by securing attractive financial returns regardless of their capital size. In order to make sure Islamic banks remain competitive in the face of their conventional counterparts, they need to elevate their functional capabilities in order to fulfill prospective demand for Islamic banking products and services. This requires them to redraw their current business models, turn their attention to consolidation and strategic alliances. They also need to systemize their functions by outsourcing non-core operations in order to affirm sustainable growth. The Islamic finance industry is rapidly attaining popularity in constantly evolving environment. On one hand IFSI has performed exuberantly and on the other hand it also encounters various challenges, most of which are unique to the industry (Saeed, 1999, 24-45). High Liquidity Without a well-established Sharia compliant taking the place of conventional interbank money markets has posed a significant impediment to the growth of the IFSI [Institutions offering Islamic Financial Services]. It is one of the main reasons for IFSIs foregoing superfluous funds that are alternatively being channeled into conventional banking systems. Islamic investment prospects has been short-term and low risk opportunities with the lack of variety, tradable financial instruments has restricted investment opportunities. Human Resources In the initial phases of its development, the Islamic finance industry has had shortage of experienced professionals that has impeded its initiatives geared towards offering its valuable customers developed, innovative and excellent products (Saeed, 1999, 24-45). Global Sharia Compliance At many occasions IFSIs has been soaked in issues like differing responses with respect to the Fatwas given by various Sharia Supervisory boards. These responses emerge from differences in Sharia opinions emerging from varied interpretation of Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). This emphasizes the need of developing harmony of Sharia opinions thus paving way for advancement in product development and resultantly formation of a consistent industry. Risk Management IFSIs face risks such as Sharia compliance, further legal and asset risk, fiduciary risk and displaced commercial threat. These risks elevate the need of development and establishment of more comprehensive and effective risk management framework to timely monitor and reduce them. This should not only encompass the risk management dilemmas prevailing in the IFSIs but also allowing IFSIs to affirm better rating in the global marketplace to lead them to participate with conventional counterparts. Islamic banking and finance makes up the Islamic economic system and its very basis revolves around fairness and morality. Moral aspect, thus, is raison detre of Islamic banking and finance. Sincere efforts are needed in this circumstance on the model of Sudan and Bahrain. This is with regard to Musharaka, Ijarah and Salam Sukuk, and Malaysia in view of Mudarabah based Islamic money market). Documentation of the economy, substitute income tax of the corporate sector with spending tax an d reform in other pertinent laws are important requirements. A well thought out plan with steadfast and sustained efforts could lead to achievement and finally to overhauling of the economy (Lewis Algaoud, 2001, 77-109). Advantages of Islamic banking and finance Along with the evolution of Islamic banking and financial institutions main changes that came about in the financial surrounding during the past few decades of the twentieth century. These include lessening in the intermediation activities and taking part in a dynamic and forceful management of investment and an incorporation of financial markets in the face of globalization. Retract of the Glass-Steagall Act in the US Islamic finance facts gained on the foundations that financial intermediation had been established on interest. The deeper participation of banks and other financial organizations in investment administration put greater emphasis and pressure on comprehending the greater range of Islamic financial methods such as sharing profits as well as mark-up financing and the associated advantages in long term for the institution as well as the customer. However, the need of time has transformed from what was there in twentieth century of developing methods of financial i ntermediation interest-free to the development of Islamic Techniques of risk management and make sure that they are free from troubles associated with traditional methods of financing (Lewis Algaoud, 2001, 77-109). Risk management in an Islamic Setup Even though risk is at the center of all the activity in each and every viewpoint of the activities, particularly in business but industrialization brought risks previously unprecedented in trade and agriculture. With better periods of time and more developed period of production, the uncertainty increases. The range of the market has widened and is heading for forming a global village through which introducing new types of risk. When Islamic laws were penned many years ago years ago, the type and range of risk and unpredictability were different. However, gaining knowledge with a mixture of modern experiences allows one to remember the Shari`a objectives of justice, fairness and effectiveness. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) banned sale of calves that were not born. This was because there was no guarantee about the future, and there was no way of determining the results. He also banned sale of fish that was in a pond. The reason for this was the same as the one before; one cannot predic t the future; one cannot be certain of the quality and quantity of the produce being sold. The Prophet disallowed the sale of a product that has not been fully cultivated but on the other hand permitted undertaking Salam including advance money paid against agricultural crops at the time when the agreement was made, months ahead of the real harvest. It must be said that this is advantageous to the farmer as well as to the grain-trader. It also has a permissible level of indecision included in the defined transaction. Therefore, comprehensive information must be collected at the time of any agreement in order to obviate any mix-up between parties in time to come and loss of any on these grounds. But to protect benefits, in some of the cases, given joint consent some doubt is acceptable (Lewis Algaoud, 2001, 77-109). Globalized Financial Markets The worlds financial markets with greater incorporation have initiated movements of money through national boundaries with less cost and instantaneously. This change is suitable to Islam in which there are no ideas of belief of national boundaries. In practical implementation, however, this partially took place and created obstacles for Islamic financial movement for two main reasons. The first reason is progress made in Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia who have stunted economies and where financial systems are less complicated in contrast with the developed countries. Secondly, Islamic financial institutions suffer from their small size and very few of them function in more than one country as the main players do. The situation has changed with few major conventional financial institutions taking on and introducing there Islamic Divisions/subsidiaries. But this has also made things more tedious for the older Islamic financial institutions as the same have to undergo mer gers and acquisitions in order to withstand in this era of competition and speed (Lewis Algaoud, 2001, 77-109). Globalization has elevated the instability of almost every financial variable especially the exchange rates. It has also reduced the effectiveness of economic macro-management of the countries that venture their institutions in the direction of transformation of their existing structures into one based on mainly Islamic principles. The only method of correcting this is undertaking international agreements aimed at curbing speculation and controlling financial markets. The approach of Islamic financial motion, henceforth, deals and underscores profit-loss sharing modes of finances, commodity-linked financing such as murabaha and mitigating the role of debt in order to reduce the associated risks in todays world (Lewis Algaoud, 2001, 77-109). Hindrances Towards Development/Management Of Islamic Banking Efforts are underway to develop standards in Islamic financial products. There is pervasive acceptance for standardizing basic elements of Islamic finance including Mudaraba [limited partnerships]. Additionally, Murabaha and Ijara are also accepted. It should be known that Murabaha is a known markup price which is made known to the buyer, and Ijara is a sharia-compliant type of mortgage that has no down payment, which is similar to rent to own. There are steps taken in order to co-ordinate the activities carried out by various Shari`a advisory boards of Islamic financial institutions. These actions are primarily being taken in order to mitigate misunderstandings and rein in un-coordinated activities. Major obstruction towards growth of IFSI is insufficient information that creates a negative outcome on the activities taken up towards its development on solid footings. There is a lack of institutions that can carry out a rating procedure. This especially refers to the ones tha t should be established to carryout rating of products and institutions on the foundations of Shari`a compliance. Regardless of the odds, few that have been mentioned above, the industry carries on to grow but at a snail-paced mainly in the Gulf countries. It has also reached the Balkans and recently independent Central Asian Islamic Republics. Shaky economic situations in these countries, are certainly causing problems in the Islamic financial institutions, and this creates hindrances for them (Lewis Algaoud, 2001, 77-109). Islamic Banking Drives Competition Islamic banks had large degree of monopoly over the financial resources of Islamically motivated clients. The conditions have been transformed with Islamic banks now facing ever increasing competition. A vital development in Islamic banking in the last few years has been the beginning of some traditional banks in that market. A precise figure of conventional banks around the world that have implemented Islamic banking techniques is hard to determine. However, some of the main players in international banking business include names like Citibank, ANZ Grindlays, Klienwort Benson, Chase Manhattan, etc. Also, there are several commercial banks in a variety of Muslim countries that offer Islamic banking services. Bank Misr in Egypt and National Commercial Bank in Saudi Arabia have both inaugurated Islamic Branches. Malaysia too allows its conventional banks to initiate Islamic Banking procedures so that they can advance into Islamic Financial Industry (Venardos, 2006, Pp 32-55). In g eneral, rivalry is always taken to be an affirmative phenomena stimulating expansion of any industry. It compels inefficient firms to either transform themselves in accordance with respective industry norms or move out of the way. It mitigates the costs and ameliorates services to consumers while boosting innovation and bringing in enhancements in product quality. However, IFSI that is in its early stages need to be protected from harsh, stiff and aggressive competition from conventional till the time they are capable of standing on their feet and be able to confront competition from their business counterparts. Conventional banks have enormous benefits in contrast to Islamic banks in terms of their experience and long survival in the market. Their systems, methods, techniques of product innovations, strategic marketing and their diversification in repertoire are far superior to the corresponding functions of Islamic banks. As a result, opens up Islamic banks to an unequal rivalr y and competition. Looking at the other end, such competition may be suitable for Islamic banking as conventional banks can rein in their efficiency, research data and main capabilities, complex banking and result-oriented strategies to Islamic banking. This may all result in the development of new products and facilitations of better services to customers (Venardos, 2006, Pp 32-55). Methodology Data Sources: For this research, there are a wide variety of sources considered. All these together will aid one to complete the task at hand. In this research, there is a mixed approach consisting of primary and secondary sources. The researcher has to carefully consider the kinds of sources obtainable to him in order to make a precise selection. In order to deal with the precise question [How Can Sharia Banking Be Used to Tackle Todays Global Financial Crisis?] one has to investigate the procedures at Islamic financial organizatiuons. From these institutions, the researcher will understand more about the dynamics of Islamic Banking, and then be able to come up with a strategy that could deal todays financial crisis. The research will start by searching for secondary sources. This is normally what is done so that one can get an idea of what types of data can be obtained on a particular subject. Secondary data for this researcher paper will come from a variety of records held by a varie ty of organizations. Since there has been a wide range of data made accessible in the shape of journals, reports and books, they will be carefully considered. Following the compilation of secondary data, primary data will need to be obtained too. Primary data to be collected will be attained through questionnaires. Through this method, the researcher can attain a wide range of data. It is worth mentioning that this data will be obtained at random from employees and supervisors of departments [respondents] regardless of their gender, age, etc. An appropriate methodology that includes the role quantitative and qualitative approaches is seen as the most suitable way to research this project. By implementing a questionnaire, the researcher aims at retaining significant primary data that will be analyzed alongside the secondary data accumulated. While secondary data will be gathered from sources like books and journals Islamic Banking, primary data will be obtained from organ izations staff at a variety of Islamic Banks. Qualitative Research When implementing a qualitative research technique, one is in a position to can establish a highly organized and free flowing method of data from a participants mind. To employ this research form, a researcher must take full advantage of a questionnaire. Implementing questionnaires permits a certain degree of flexibility for a research technique. In this research paper, an interpretive approach will be implemented, which will comprise analyzing data; content analysis and statistical analysis.

Dbq 2003 Form B Apush Essay - 658 Words

The Progressive Era was a thirty year period in which the United States was completely reformed. Actions were taken to improve working conditions for laborers, create a sexually unbiased work system and regulate the economy. President Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson both helped create a more direct democracy in which the people would have a voice. During those thirty years, amendments 16 to 19 were ratified to regulate and reform the country. Muckrakers were writers who worked for the printing companies exposed the public to all of the corruption that was occurring both openly and behind closed doors. By exposing the public to the corruption, American society was enlightened and inspired to reform itself. During this era, President†¦show more content†¦Woodrow Wilson wanted to create a democracy, but he did not allow women to vote. What kind of a democracy did Wilson want if he did not allow how the population to vote? There were many women’s reform groups that wanted sexual equality so that women would have equal say which promoted women to take charge leading to the passing of the 19th amendment allowing women to vote and opening a whole new world for a woman’s voice. Blacks fought for the ideals of America in World War I but they did not receive any recognition for their hard work. Instead, they were still put under the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws which prohibited them from voting and segregated them from their superior races. This explains the decrease in percentage of eligible voters who vote from 1900 to 1920. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act targeted business monopolies that could easily control the whole economy. Wilson being the arrogant president that he was, created a few minor laws that would not greatly improve the economy. It would be the next successor of the president that would be left with all these problems. President Theodore Roosevelt believed highly in a direct democracy, he favored the idea of people deciding what they want with government. Later on, the 17th amendment is ratified allowing the direct election of the senate. Overall, the Progressive Era was full of reform in the economy, politics and society.Show MoreRelatedBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 PagesUsing the DBQ Practice Questions from The Enduring Vision, Sixth Edition A Teachers’ Guide Ray Soderholm Minnetonka High School Minnetonka, Minnesota Using the DBQ Practice Questions from The Enduring Vision, 6th Edition A Teachers’ Guide This guide is intended to suggest some possible ways that students may organize essays related to the document-based questions in the Advanced Placement version of The Enduring Vision, 6th Edition, and to provide teachers with some information on each included

Exiles Essay Example For Students

Exiles Essay Exiles ResponseIn the essay Exiles, Carolyn Steedman uses different voices throughout the story. Steedman uses her mom, dad, and grandmas voice to speak her essay to the reader. She does this by either using someone elses memories of the instant by referring to what their mom did, told by the father or grandmother. She also uses memories or voices that her mom or dad said. An example of this would be the telling of Steedman moms story, which was told by her father at the time in bits and pieces throughout the fifties(647). Her father says about Steedmans mother, Your mother drank gin once, contradicting what Steedman heard when she was young from her mom that she didnt go out dancing or drinking. Showing that this secret was revealed years later, with nostalgic regret by her father(647). Knowing that her mom, at the time, she remembers, was a good mother and later in life to be lied to and deceived for her own good. The author uses voices in the essay while remembering what her mom a nd dad were saying to her about memories of each other. So in other words, the author remembers what her parents said to her about each other and includes their voices in the essay. She also includes what she remembers exactly from her parents. If it wasnt for you two, my mother told us, I could be off somewhere else (653). The quote obviously shows that this is what she remembers her mom saying. The author puts voices in the essay by using memories of her past. Steedman uses voices in her essay so that the reader can get a background and see perceptions or feelings. She was a good weaver; six looms under her by the time she was sixteen(647). This paragraph of a story was told about her great-grandmother and as an eleven-year-old and how she was exploited. The author uses this as a voice because it tells how her mother also used her hands at her jobs. The author also shows where she received her traits in house cleaning from her mom. The author feels that I sometimes find myself thi nking that if worst comes to the worst, I can always earn a living with my hands(655). If you want something, you have to go out and work for it. Nobody gives you anything; nothing comes free in this world(652). This powerful statement was told exactly by what the author hears from her mom. The author uses her memories of what her mom said to show that she still uses her moms advice in the present time. She also uses this passage as a way to get a feel for how her mom was in the past and that she was a hard-working woman. The story that her mom told was,that she flung a sixpenny piece back at a titled woman whod given it her as a tip: If you cant afford any more than that Madam, I suggest you keep it. Wonderful! Like tearing up the ration books (652). This showed that the author was astounded by the way her mom was hard working. These passages also conceive that the author has lived her life with her mothers hard-working attitude. She has grown from the past of her mothers. What also can be seen is the emotion of her mother and her perception of hard work. Theres that woman on the phone again; Why tell me? Who else is there to tell? (666) The author could use this passage in a way to tell why the voices are being used in the essay. Why tell? Who else to tell other than the reader. The reader will listen and understand where someone is coming from through voices. Using past history and perceptions makes a good sense of where someone comes from and overall gives a feel of where someone came from or has gone through. This makes the essay seem more familiar. I remember as it were but yesterday, . . . (652).

The Third Man (1949) Essay Example

The Third Man (1949) Paper In this film extract analysis I will be looking at Carol Reeds The Third Man. I will be looking at certain points and aspects of studding this opening extract and I have split this essay up into sections discussing different aspects of the extract and I will compare and contrast throughout. The first thing that strikes me about this film is the opening narration by a happy friendly voice immediately letting the audience feel at ease and comfortable before settling into watching the film, the narrator starts by talking about how he never knew Vienna before the war and that he only got to know it during the period where the classic black market was apparent. By the narrator talking about this before going on to tell us the story he has already made a link with the audience. Then the narrator goes on to describe the situation and why Holly Martins (Joseph Cotton) is arriving in Vienna. That is all the narrator does in the extract but it is a very important part in creating meaning in the film because in the first couple of minutes he has made a connection with the audience making them feel at ease and has explained a part of the situation that we have not seen (Martins leaving and coming to Vienna). We will write a custom essay sample on The Third Man (1949) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Third Man (1949) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Third Man (1949) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The narrator can tell the story from his point of view or from the view of another character, in this film he is talking from his point of view almost like an audience member. This narration reminds me of the narration in The Big Lebowski (1998) where the narrator has an outside view and talks about the situation at hand. The film has a Classic Narrative Structure because it follows a set of rules, it confines to the three act structure I have included a picture which shows a brief example of the three act structure. The film develops over a 3 act structure by firstly setting up an Inciting Incident (Limes fake death) then the film moves on to plot point one, (Martins meeting Limes wife) following that it moves onto act two and reaches the midpoint. Plot point two (where Martins sees Lime alive) then moves onto act three where the climax of the film is reached (where Lime is killed for real) the film has then passed though all the three act structure. 2Mise en scà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ne are widely used throughout the film but I will just talk about it during the extract that we are analyzing, the extract starts with lots of shots of the city Vienna and the different zones created by the war so the shots of the city are already creating meaning toward the situation that the city is in. Then regarding set design Martins goes looking for lime and finding out that he is dead Martins is in a very old fashioned house where you can see a person changing the candle lights and you can tell that the house is very elaborate conveying to the audience that the house and whoever owns the house is relatively well off. 3The use of rear projection in films is a way to film in an exotic location and keep stars from traveling and its more economical. In this film there is a scene where there is a rear projector in use, this sometimes is used to create meaning in films and in others it is just used to save money and in this film the use of real action shots isnt really required. It doesnt really create meaning but is used to supplement the films use of mise en scene. Martins then goes to the funeral following the bar scene, in the bar scene I noticed that the camera angles have been tilted maybe trying to create a meaning of the state of the mind of both Martins and Calloway being inebriated. Also I think that the locations are used to dramatic effect in the way all the locations seem to be very dressed up and none of the sets look very lived in and the feeling that they give to me is of a nice set that was created and not an actual place that was used. The interiors in the extract for example the bar is quite grand like the house the design of the walls and interior features also convey to the audience the part of town they are in is a rich part of town. When the camera angle changes and tilts the audience can see behind Holly that the bar is very nice and stylish. Also in this bar you can see the sort of punters that it attracts when Holly starts to kick off and the officer grabs him, portraying to the audience that even the nicest bars usual punters are affected by the war. The war effort is apparent and you can tell that the war is massively affecting the story because when Martins and Calloway go for their drink together and they fall out because of the comments Calloway make about Lime the officer steps in almost right away. Plus the officer is kind of a contradictory character because as soon as he finds out that Martins is a famous author his attitude towards him change right away. 4One of this films main characteristic is that it is film noir. It is typical of films from the forties and fifties to have film noir as one of its main features of those films and The Third Man is no exception with its low key lighting and shadows. In the extract the use of film noir is apparent when we get to the scene when Martins goes to find Lime and he is at the bottom of the stairs talking to the German man his shadow is massive and it makes it apparent that Martins is below and the light is coming from above where the German man is changing the lighting. Here is another example from the film where the lighting and camera angle is shot from above, in this particular moment it is trying to make the officer look bigger and more of an authoritative figure. This is a screen shot that I have taken from the bar scene where I noticed the use of the Venetian blind effect that is so typical of the film noir period. This in particular creates meaning in that you can tell the time of day it is and maybe the way that the effect is used would lead the viewer to think that something dark or mysterious would happen. Lighting in the extract that we are studding is used to dramatic effect in certain scenes with the use of shadows to create meaning to the audience. Some noticeable parts where lighting is used very well are in the very beginning in the bar scene where they are sat drinking and the use of three point lighting is apparent because the back is light and both of the characters are light with key lighting. The use of this three point lighting makes a contrast between the subject that is being filmed and the background giving it a more three dimensional effect. Now talking about sound in the extract, I am going to start by talking about the non diegetic sound that is used. This in its first instance would be the sound of the opening music of the guitar. This music is played for quite a while into the beginning and even after the narrator has stopped talking you can still hear the music in the background, I think that this music is played as a complement to the narrator because it is relaxed and it makes the beginning introduction easier to listen to. The use of diegetic sound in this film much like in the film Written on the Wind (1956) is used to create suspense in the situation like in Written on the Wind you can hear the door slam open and the wind blowing in, in the scene where Kyle Hadley comes back. The use of this sound creates a sense of drama and suspense. In our extract you have the beginning where Martins gets off the train and you hear the train steam let go and gets ready to enter the city. Creating lots of meanings for example the use of steam could be interpreted as him letting go of his past and starting a fresh. I have noticed that the use of smoke in this extract may convey different meanings as a part of mise en scene Calloway smokes in the bar creating massive clouds of smoke creating shadows complementing the film noir theme. In conclusion I have noticed that this extract is a piece of cinema that uses film noir to create lots of meanings to the audience and does so well. All the uses of mise en scene and cinematography complement this story and have created a very easy well made film to watch for all of its audiences.